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Neuroscience > Unit 1_Spinal Cord and Brainstem Structures > Flashcards

Unit 1_Spinal Cord and Brainstem Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What important names are associated with what is termed the “five vesicle” brain?

A

Myelencephalon = Medulla

Metencephalon = Pons and Cerebellum

Mesencephalon = Midbrain

Diencephalon = Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus (subthalamic n.), Epithalamus

Telencephalon = Cerebrum and most of Basal Ganglia

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2
Q

What vesicle gives rise to the Medulla?

A

Myelencephalon

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3
Q

What vesicle gives rise to the Pons and Cerebellum?

A

Metencephalon

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4
Q

What vesicle gives rise to the Midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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5
Q

What vesicle gives rise to the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus (subthalamic n.), Epithalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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6
Q

What vesicle gives rise to the Cerebrum and most of Basal Ganglia?

A

Telencephalon

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7
Q

At what point in the embryo/fetus does the ventricle system begin to take shape?

A

50 days

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8
Q

At what point in the embryo/fetus does the facial features begin to take shape?

A

100 days

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9
Q

At what point in the embryo/fetus does the typical lateral ventricle appear?

A

5-6 months

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10
Q

At what point in the embryo/fetus does the lateral ventricle shape appear?

A

9 months

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11
Q

At what point in the embryo/fetus do internal structures/C-shape gives rise to insular cortex where the brain is folded in?

A

8 months

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12
Q

The developing CNS is susceptible to damage into when?

A

Into early adolescence

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13
Q

What is the process by which congenital malformations are produced in an embryo or fetus?

A

Terateogenesis

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14
Q

Which structures make up the brainstem from caudal to rostral?

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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15
Q

What sits dorsal to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

What information do the Cuneate tubercle and the Gracile tubercle on the dorsal surface of the brainstem carry?

A

Sensory information

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17
Q

What information do the pyramids on the ventral surface of the brainstem carry?

A

Motor information

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18
Q

What forms at the level of the foramen magnum where the the spinal cord is rostrally continuous with the first level of the brainstem? This area is structurally similar to the spinal cord especially at its caudal end.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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19
Q

In the medulla and throughout the brainstem, what is often organized into structures called nuclei?

A

Gray matter

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20
Q

What represents the cell bodies of a functionally related group of neurons and associated structures (e.g., cranial nerve nuclei)?

A

A nuclei

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21
Q

What continue to course through the medulla transmitting ascending and descending information?

A

White matter (axon) tracts

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22
Q

What continues into the medulla and at the rostral end of the medulla it widens and opens up to form the fourth ventricle?

A

The central canal

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23
Q

What two components can the medulla be divided into?

A

A closed caudal medulla and an open rostral medulla

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24
Q

What component of the medulla is more caudal?

A

Closed medulla

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25
Q

What component of the medulla is more rostral?

A

Open medulla

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26
Q

What is found on the ventral surface of the medulla and is continuous with the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral Median Fissure

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27
Q

What is interrupted by the DECUSSATION OF THE PYRAMIDS at the spinomedullary junction?

A

Ventral Median Fissure

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28
Q

In addition to the Ventral Median Fissure, what also continues into the medulla from the spinal cord?

A

The VENTROLATERAL SULCUS

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29
Q

What lies between the ventral median fissure and the ventrolateral sulcus on each side and is a prominent swelling?

A

Pyramids

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30
Q

What composes the pyramids that are made up of bundles of nerve (axons) fibers which originate in the motor and sensory cerebral cortices and descend to innervate neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord?

A

CORTICOSPINAL/CORTICOBULBAR TRACTS

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31
Q

What connect two or more regions of the CNS; Usually named by where they start and where they finish?

A

CORTICOSPINAL/CORTICOBULBAR TRACTS

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32
Q

What three cranial nerves exit the brainstem at the junction of the pons and medulla on the ventral surface?

A
  1. ABDUCENS (VI)
  2. FACIAL (VII)
  3. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (VIII)
33
Q

What nerve emerges from the ventral medulla posterior to the pyramid in the ventrolateral sulcus?

A

The HYPOGLOSSAL nerve (XII)

34
Q

What also continues up into the medulla on the dorsal surface from the spinal cord?

A

DORSAL MEDIAN SULCUS
DORSAL LATERAL SULCUS
DORSAL INTERMEDIATE SULCUS

35
Q

What continues into the lower (caudal) half of the medulla and widen in the upper (rostral) medulla to form the CUNEATE TUBERCLE and the GRACILE TUBERCLE?

A

The FASCICULUS CUNEATUS and the FASCICULUS GRACILIS

36
Q

What are the CUNEATE TUBERCLE and the GRACILE TUBERCLE produced by which are involved in light touch and proprioception?

A

The underlying CUNEATE AND GRACILE NUCLEI

37
Q

What is found in the lateral area between the ventrolateral and the dorsolateral sulci?

38
Q

What is a large olive shaped swelling on the ventrolateral surface produced by the underlying INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS? This nucleus has a major role in motor learning.

39
Q

What three cranial nerves exit the medulla dorsal to the olive and can be seen from either the ventral or lateral view of the brainstem?

A
  1. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX)
  2. VAGUS (X)
  3. CRANIAL ROOT OF THE ACCESSORY NERVE (XI)
40
Q

What medulla feature located in a closed medulla helps shape receptive fields and send sensory information to thalamus?

41
Q

What medulla feature located in a closed medulla helps shape receptive fields and send sensory information to thalamus?

42
Q

What medulla feature scattered throughout open and closed sections handles cardiovascular regulation and pain modulation?

43
Q

What medulla feature located in a open medulla handles motor learning?

A

Inferior Olivary

44
Q

Which part of the neuron is reponsible for receiving signals from other neurons or tissues?

45
Q

Which specific system of branch of the broad nervous system controls vital functions for homeostasis?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

46
Q

Which of the following glial cells is responsible for providing neurons with myelin in the Central Nervous System?

A

Oligiodendrocytes

47
Q

White matter in the central nervous system is made up of what structures?

48
Q

What best describes ganglia?

A

Collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

49
Q

What is the middle component of the brainstem? The boundaries on the ventral surface are obvious. On the dorsal surface, the rostral boundary is the inferior (caudal) margin of the inferior colliculus, and the caudal boundary is difficult to demarcate. It lies anterior (ventral) to the cerebellum, rostral to the medulla oblongata and caudal to the midbrain. The superior half of the fourth ventricle lies dorsal and separates it from the cerebellum.

50
Q

What is the anterior surface of the pons and the surface shows many transverse fibers that converge on each side to form the middle cerebellar peduncles?

51
Q

What is the shallow groove in the midline of the ventral pons? The basilar artery sits in this groove.

A

BASILAR GROOVE

52
Q

What large nerve exits the brainstem from the ventrolateral surface of the pons?

A

The TRIGEMINAL nerve (V)

53
Q

What is a shallow cavity overlying the pons and medulla with these structures forming the floor of the ventricle? It extends from the central canal of the spinal cord to the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain.

A

4th Ventricle

54
Q

On the dorsal surface of the pons, what structure connects the pons with the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar Peduncles

55
Q

On the dorsal surface of the pons, what structure do we have to cut in order to see the 4th ventricle?

A

Cerebellum/Cerebellar Peduncles

56
Q

Where on the pons are the pontine nuclei and longitudinal and transverse fibers found?

A

The ventral portion of the pons

57
Q

What is a major relay station in the pons, connecting the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum on the opposite side?

A

The ventral portion of the pons

58
Q

What do the longitudinal fibers in the ventral portion of the pons consist of which originated in the motor cortex and are descending to cells in the brainstem and spinal cord? This will continue through the medulla in the pyramids (made of white matter).

A

Axons from the CORTICOSPINAL/CORTICOBULBAR TRACT

59
Q

What do the transverse fibers in the ventral portion of the pons consist of that cross the midline and form the opposite middle cerebellar peduncle (PONTOCEREBELLAR FIBERS)?

A

Axons from the pontine nuclei

60
Q

What is the dorsal portion of the pons structurally similar to with the continuation of several tracts and the presence of cranial nerve nuclei?

A

The medulla

61
Q

What structure in the medulla contains the CORTICOSPINAL tract?

62
Q

Where are the corticobulbar tracts traveling to from the ventral pons?

A

Cranial nerves

63
Q

When a patient has bulbar signs and symptoms, including cranial nerve impairments, mostly relating to speech and swallowing difficulties, visual changes, motor and sensation on the face, what is it due to?

A

Cranial nerve involvement or corticobulbar tract involvement

64
Q

What is the most rostral portion of the brainstem connecting the pons and cerebellum with the cerebral cortex?

A

The midbrain

65
Q

What is transversed by the cerebral aqueduct containing cerebrospinal fluid?

A

The midbrain

66
Q

What extends from the pons to the mammillary bodies of the diencephalon on the ventral surface and from the inferior border of the inferior colliculi to the thalamus and pineal body on the dorsal surface?

A

The midbrain

67
Q

On the dorsal surface, what is the most rostral portion of the midbrain?

A

The colliculi

68
Q

On the ventral aspect of the midbrain, what is a deep depression in the midline called, bounded by the CRUS CEREBRI OR base of CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES?

A

INTERPEDUNCULAR FOSSA

69
Q

What paired nerves emerge from the midbrain just lateral to the interpeduncular fossa?

A

OCULOMOTOR NERVES (III)

70
Q

On the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, what are the four round bumps known as?

71
Q

On the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, what are important centers in the visual system for reflexive eye control and control of head posture?

A

SUPERIOR COLLICULI

72
Q

On the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, what are important for the auditory system?

A

INFERIOR COLLICULI

73
Q

On the dorsal aspect of the midbrain, what are the only cranial nerves that emerge from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem and they emerge just inferior to the inferior colliculi?

A

TROCHLEAR nerves (IV)

74
Q

In cross section, the midbrain can be seen to consist of what two separate parts?

A

TECTUM

TEGMENTUM

75
Q

In cross section, what part of the midbrain can be seen to consist as the roof that lies dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct and consists mainly of the paired colliculi?

76
Q

In cross section, what part of the midbrain is ventral to the aqueduct and it contains the ascending and descending tracts (including corticobulbar/corticospinal), nuclei of cranial nerves, and other nuclei?

77
Q

What area of the midbrain is important to individuals with Parkinson’s Disease and is the dopamine (with melanin) producing center?

A

Substania Niagra

78
Q

In the midbrain, what surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and is a place where neural pathways are involved with pain?

A

Periaqueductal Gray

79
Q

What area in the midbrain is the red nucleus located?

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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