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Neuroscience > Unit 4_Aphasia and Dysphagia > Flashcards

Unit 4_Aphasia and Dysphagia Flashcards

1
Q

What is an acquired language disorder after a brain injury?

A

Aphasia

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2
Q

What is an acquired swallowing disorder after a brain injury?

A

Dysphagia

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3
Q

About how many patients after a stroke has a language disorder (aphasia)?

A

About every third patient

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4
Q

About how many patients after a stroke has a swallowing disorder (dysphasia)?

A

About every second, 80% (*depending on how it’s measured)

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5
Q

What is the recovery time for patients initially diagnosed with swallowing disorders (dysphagia) following a stroke?

A

Within the first week

50% do not improve

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6
Q

What injury is tough to recover from following a stroke?

A

UE and language disorders (aphasia)

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7
Q

Following a stroke, what injury is represented bilaterally and easier to recover from?

A

Swallowing disorders (dysphagia)

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8
Q

Following a stroke, what injury is represented unilaterally and harder to recover from?

A

Language disorders (aphasia)

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9
Q

Following a stroke, what is the timing of chronic aphasia (language disorders)?

A

A year after a stroke

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10
Q

In order to define which aphasia (language disorder) type, what should you look for?

A

Do they comprehend/understand

Can they produce fluent speech

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11
Q

What is the following:
-Acquired
-Neurological
-Language (not sensory, motor, psychiatric, or intellectual disorder)
-Multimodal, affecting reception and production
-Processing of the language
-Not a speech impediment

A

Aphasia (language disorder)

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12
Q

What is caused by neurological illnesses / injury affecting language-critical brain areas?
For example:
- Stroke
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Brain Tumors
- Progressive Pathologies, e.g., Alzheimer’s, Primary
- Progressive Aphasia
- Epilepsy
- Infections / Inflammations
Etc.

A

Aphasia (language disorder)

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13
Q

What is the most common cause for Aphasia (language disorder)?

A

Stroke

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14
Q

Language is strongly what?

A

Lateralized

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15
Q

Approximately what percentage of right-hand dominant individuals have left hemisphere lateralization?

A

> 93% of individuals

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16
Q

Approximately what percentage of left-hand dominant individuals have left hemisphere control?

A

78%

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17
Q

Where does visual processing occur in the brain?

A

Occipital lobe

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18
Q

Where does lexical-semantic retrieval and selection occur in the brain?

A

Frontal Temporal lobe

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19
Q

Where does lexical-phonological retrieval and selection occur in the brain and phonetic encoding and articulation occur in the brain?

A

Sensory-motor portion of the brain

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20
Q

Lexical-semantic retrieval and lexical-phonological retrieval can be affected by what disorder?

A

Aphasia (language disorder)

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21
Q

Where is Broca’s area (aphasia) found in the brain (difficulty producing speech)?

A

Frontal lobe

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22
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area (aphasia) found in the brain (difficulty comprehending speech)?

A

Posterior Temporal lobe

23
Q

Which of the following about swallowing recovery is true?
- Majority of patients with stroke recover swallowing function
- Very few patients with stroke recover swallowing function
- Patients with stroke do not experience a loss or change in swallowing function
- Swallowing and language dysfunction always occur after a stroke

A

Majority of patients with stroke recover swallowing function

24
Q

Which of the following is a component of the definition for aphasia?
- A loss of coordination of vocal cords
- A developmental inability to learn new sounds
- A loss of hearing sensation
- An acquired loss of language comprehension or production

A

An acquired loss of language comprehension or production

25
Q

Which hemisphere is more likely to be responsible for speech and language?

A

Left

26
Q

Which of the following is the first to occur when patients name an object?
- Selecting the correct name for an object
- Selecting the correct phenome to pronounce the name
- Visualization and conceptualization of the object
- Verbalizing the name

A

Visualization and conceptualization of the object

27
Q

What is a connection or list of regions of white matter that work together to achieve a specific function?

A

Stream

28
Q

What are the 2 streams that make up the Dual Stream Models for vision and hearing?

A

Where (dorsal: sublexical, unilateral, (“perception”)) and What (ventral: lexical, bilateral (“recognition”)

29
Q

Which of the following “streams” or neural pathways helps us to understand the “what” of language processing?
- The posterior stream to the occipital lobe
- The dorsal stream to the parietal lobe
- The ventral stream to the inferior temporal lobe
- The anterior stream to the frontal lobe

A

The ventral stream to the inferior temporal lobe

30
Q

Why do different groups of aphasia presentations exist after a stroke?

A

Stroke locations are not random: vascular territories dictate their location

31
Q

Why do we have arteries in our brain?

A

Oxygen and nutrients (glucose) to keep neurons alive and functioning

32
Q

What artery is responsible for aphasia (language disorder) if impacted by a stroke?

A

M1 (middle cerebral artery, lower stem)

33
Q

What artery is responsible for dysphasia (swallowing disorder) if impacted by a stroke?

A

PICA

34
Q

What strategies do you use as an OT if communication is difficult?

A
  • Wait for better “connection” / attention
  • Give feedback if you did not understand
  • Simple sentences / avoid “or” questions
  • (Let) repeat
  • Speak slowly and clear, allow time
  • Use / offer other mediums (gestures, writing, …)
  • Use / offer mouth / face reading
35
Q

How many times a day do people swallow?

A

~600 swallows / day

36
Q

How long does it take to move food/liquid from mouth to esophagus?

A

1-2s from mouth to esophagus

37
Q

How many cranial nerves and muscle pairs are involved in swallowing?

A

5 CNs
>30 muscles/pairs

38
Q

What is the gold standard for assessing swallowing function?

A

Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBSS)

39
Q

What occurs when a person swallows and residue enters the trachea but there are no visible symptoms from the individual?

A

Silent aspiration

40
Q

What consequences can dysphagia have?

A
  • Choking, asphyxiation
  • Aspiration, pneumonia
  • Malnutrition, dehydration
  • Reduced quality of life
  • Death
41
Q

What is the most common consequence of dysphagia and also the most feared?

A

pneumonia

42
Q

What neurological diseases can cause dysphagia?

A
  • Stroke, TBI
  • Parkinson, ALS, Myasthenia Gravis, Multiple Sclerosis
  • Dementia
43
Q

What developmental diseases/ syndromes can cause dysphagia?

A
  • Genetic mutations, e.g. down syndrome
  • Structural anomalies, e.g. tracheomalazia
44
Q

What ENT / GI / Ortho diseases can cause dysphagia?

A

Reflux, stenosis, osteophytes

45
Q

Why can head and neck cancer diseases cause dysphagia?

A

tumor itself; resection of structures, damage due to surgery / Rx

46
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?

A
  • Trigeminal (CNV)
  • Facial (CNVII)
  • Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
  • Vagus (CNX)
  • Hypoglossal (CNXII)
47
Q

Where in the brain can dysphagia occur?

A

Anywhere - not just in both hemispheres

48
Q

Where is swallowing controlled in the brain?

A

Bilaterally, but have one dominant hemisphere

49
Q

Overall, what hemisphere in the brain is crucial for swallowing?

A

The right hemisphere

50
Q

What nerve is the most important nerve for larynx for swallowing?

A

Vagus (CNX)

51
Q

Why do many individuals with cortical lesions (strokes) often recover swallowing function?

A

Both hemispheres are involved in swallowing

52
Q

Swallowing is controlled by what that spans from cortex, subcortex, to brainstem and cerebellum?

A

broad bilateral neural network

53
Q

Up to ___% have dysphagia after stroke; half recover within first week

A

80%

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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