Unit 2_Special Senses: Olfaction & Taste

Question 1

What does olfactory input bypass on way to olfactory cortex?

Answer 1

Thalamus

Question 2

What kind of mucus layer lines the nasal cavity?

Answer 2

Epithelium

Question 3

What are Chemoreceptors, specialized bipolar neurons (1st order neurons), located in mucous membrane in nasal cavity, sloughed off and replaced every 60 days, hairs or cilia react to odors in the air-rapidly adapting?

Answer 3

Olfaction Receptor Cells

Question 4

What bind with specific receptors that control indirectly gated synapses?

Answer 4

Oderants

Question 5

Each odorant is recognized by what?

Answer 5

A unique combination of receptors

Question 6

What are the following structures included in:

cingulate gyrus,
parahippocampal gyrus,
uncus, the subcallosal gyrus,
amygdala and
hippocampal formation.

Answer 6

The Limbic Lobe

Question 7

What are the following structures as part of the primary olfactory areas involved in:

Anterior olfactory nucleus
Amygdala
Olfactory tubercle
Piriform cortex
Entorhinal cortex

Answer 7

emotion and memory

Question 8

What do the following steps describe:

Enters skull through cribriform plate

Olfactory bulb (CN I) – inferior surface of frontal lobe

Bulb contains 2nd order neurons

Bulb cells send axons in Olfactory Tract

Answer 8

Olfactory Pathway

Question 9

What tract separates into Medial and Lateral Striae, includes fibers to opposite olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex-inferior temporal lobe, majority of axons remain ipsilateral, and there is no relay through the thalamus?

Answer 9

Olfactory Tract/Pathway

Question 10

What structure helps with formation of memory based on efferent information that travels from the Olfactory cortex?

Answer 10

Hippocampus

Question 11

What structure helps with formation of autonomic response based on efferent information that travels from the Olfactory cortex?

Answer 11

Hypothalamus

Question 12

What structure(s) helps with formation of emotional response based on efferent information that travels from the Olfactory cortex?

Answer 12

Amygdala & Limbic

Question 13

What structure helps with coordination of different neural responses based on efferent information that travels from the Olfactory cortex?

Answer 13

Epithalamus and Ventral Striatum

Question 14

What patients may have a change in smell sensation due to the olfactory tubercle is very close to the basal ganglion?

Answer 14

Individuals with movement disorders (Parkinsonism’s)

Question 15

What may cause leak of CSF (CSF rhinorrhea) and a route for bacteria to enter brain?

Answer 15

Fracture of anterior cranial fossa-anosmia

Question 16

Which of the following sensory pathways is responsible for transmitting pain sensation to the periaquaductal gray matter to trigger endogenous pain responses?

Dorsal column medial leminiscal
Spinothalamic
Spinomesencephalic
Spinoreticular

Answer 16

Spinomesencephalic

Question 17

Where do second order neurons in the dorsal column medial leminiscal pathway cross in the central nervous system?

Answer 17

Medulla secondary decussation

Question 18

Which fiber types travel along the medial bundles of the dorsal spinal root?

Answer 18

Type Ia and Ib

Question 19

Which of the following receptor types respond to changes in heat?

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Nociceptors

Answer 19

Thermoreceptors

Question 20

What cranial nerves are involved in taste?

Answer 20

Facial (VII) and Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 21

What term is synonymous with taste?

Answer 21

Gustatory

Question 22

What are non-neural, taste cells contacts tastants with microvilli in the taste pore, are located in mucous membrane in nasal cavity, replaced days to weeks (short-lived), and taste cells are specific?
1) sweet, 2) salty, 3) bitter, 4) sour, 5) umami (savory)

Answer 22

Gustatory Receptor Cells

Question 23

What are the five types of taste that taste receptors can pick up?

Answer 23

1) sweet
2) salty
3) bitter
4) sour
5) umami (savory)

Question 24

What act like chemoreceptors, taste cells pass information to afferent nerves? Taste is specific.
1) sweet, 2) salty, 3) bitter, 4) sour, 5) umami (savory)

Answer 24

Gustatory Afferent Cells

Question 25

What is thought to be involved in this localization of flavors? The coincidence between taste, somatosensory stimulation of the tongue, and the retronasal passage of odorants into the nose is assumed to cause odorants to be perceived as flavors in the mouth. Sensations of flavor also frequently have a somatosensory component that includes the texture of food as well as sensations evoked by spicy or minty foods and by carbonation.

Answer 25

Somatosensory system

Question 26

Sensations of flavor have what kind of component that includes the texture of food as well as sensations?
Examples: spicy or minty foods and carbonation.

Answer 26

a somatosensory component

Question 27

What is the interaction of taste, somatosensory stimulation of the tongue, and the retronasal passage of odorants into the nose assumed to cause?

Answer 27

odorants to be perceived as flavors in the mouth

Question 28

What pathway does not cross the CNS?

Answer 28

Gustatory (taste)

*like smell

Question 29

What is the border between the anterior insula and the frontal operculum? It mediates the conscious perception and discrimination of taste stimuli.

Answer 29

Thalamus –> gustatory cortex pathway

Question 30

What controls feeding behavior and autonomic responses?

Answer 30

Thalamus –> hypothalamus pathway