Unit 1_Cerebellum Diencephalon Structures

Question 1

What is connected to the dorsal aspect of the brainstem by three pairs of large white matter fiber pathways called cerebellar peduncles? These peduncles form the lateral walls of the fourth ventricle.

Answer 1

Cerebellum

Question 2

What contain efferent fibers from the cerebellum and attach to the midbrain just inferior to the inferior colliculi?

Answer 2

SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

Question 3

What contain afferent fibers destined for the cerebellum and are attached to the lateral border of the pons?

Answer 3

MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

Question 4

What contain both afferents to and efferents from the cerebellum and are attached to the dorsolateral medulla?

Answer 4

INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES

Question 5

What is a genetic condition where cells begin to degenerate over time that includes cerebellar impairments or some impairments in the cerebellar peduncles where information is traveling to and from the cerebellum? The patient will have difficulty with coordination tasks, hitting targets, and making smooth and controlled movements.

Answer 5

Friedreich’s Ataxia

Question 6

What is a place where sensory information can get processed and then influence movements in order to make sure you’re moving in a smooth and controlled manner in order to hit a desired targets? It also includes a lot of neurons.

Answer 6

Cerebellum

Question 7

Why is the middle cerebellar peduncle large?

Answer 7

The cerebellum is processing a lot of real time sensory information for us

Question 8

What divides the two hemispheres in the cerebellum?

Answer 8

A midline structure called a vermis

Question 9

What is situated on the ventral aspect of the cerebellum and is formed by the NODULUS and the FLOCCULUS?

Answer 9

FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE

Question 10

What lies external to the white matter and forms the cortex of the cerebellum?

Answer 10

Gray matter

Question 11

What forms a medullary center in the cerebellum?

Answer 11

White matter

Question 12

What is a series of deep cerebellar gray nuclei that are imbedded in the white matter center in the cerebellum?

Answer 12

1. dentate
2. interposed (2)
3. fastigial

Question 13

What is primarily involved in motor activities that include the following (Major role is motor learning):
a. Balance
b. Muscle tone regulation
c. Motor coordination
d. Rapid Alternating Movements
e. Motor Learning
f. Movement Initiation
g. Other

Answer 13

Cerebellum

Question 14

Where is the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus (subthalamic n.), Epithalamus located?

Answer 14

Diencephalon

Question 15

What includes the lateral ventricles and the neurons and glia that surround the lateral ventricles?

Answer 15

Telencephalon

Question 16

What includes the third ventricle and the neurons and glia that surround the third ventricle?

Answer 16

Diencephalon

Question 17

What is Rostral to Midbrain and Surrounded by the Cerebral Hemispheres?

Answer 17

Diencephalon

Question 18

What are the four functional areas of the Diencephalon?

Answer 18

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

Question 19

What is a busy highway or intersection through the brain that contains white matter pathways that are moving heavily through the cerebral cortex heading toward cerebral peduncles in the brain? Oftentimes is damaged when an individual has a stroke that will leave them with hemi paresis or some weakness and change in sensory information on one side of the body. Also, a reason why there’s difficulty with recovery since it’s damaging the pathways where information is moving.

Answer 19

Internal Capsule

Question 20

What large ovoid mass is the largest of the four components and each half of the brain contains one? In many individuals there is a short inter-thalamic adhesion that connects the two thalami across the third ventricle that lies between them. Contains nuclei that may be divided into 5 functional nuclear groups. Acts as a train station for sensory information.

Answer 20

Thalamus

Question 21

If an individual has a stroke in the thalamus, what does it result in?

Answer 21

Often sensory challenges* and motor challenges

Question 22

In the Thalamus, these nuclei have connections with the basal ganglia and the cerebellum and are involved in motor control?

Answer 22

Motor Group (Group 2)

Question 23

In the Thalamus, these nuclei have important connections with limbic system structures and are involved in emotions such as anxiety and also in memory?

Answer 23

Limbic Group (Group 3)

Question 24

In the Thalamus, these nuclei are likely involved in the complex processing of sensory information?

Answer 24

Multimodel Group (Group 4)

Question 25

In the Thalamus, recent evidence suggests that these nuclei are involved in the regulation of consciousness along with roles in movement control and pain?

Answer 25

Intralaminar Group (Group 5)

Question 26

When lesions occur on either side of this area often produce significant sensory loss or sensory distortion in the body and face?

Answer 26

Thalamic Dysfunction

Question 27

What structure in the Diencephalon controls homeostasis and regulates associated functions, such as autonomic-parasympathetic and sympathetic and influences pituitary hormones?

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

In the Hypothalamus, what function produces responses such as vasoconstriction, vasodilation, sweating and shivering to change body temperature?

Answer 28

Regulates temperature

Question 28

In the Hypothalamus, what function relates to damage to certain nuclei may lead to either anorexia or hyperphagia (overeating)?

Answer 28

Regulates eating

Question 29

In the Hypothalamus, what function secretes vasopressin, which is an anti-diuretic hormone, in response to changes in osmolarity?

Answer 29

Fluid Balance

Question 30

In the Hypothalamus, what function is the suprachiasmatic nucleus responsible for regulating the sleep/wake cycles and the internal clock?

Answer 30

Circadian Rhythm (SCN)

Question 31

In the Hypothalamus, what function is involved in the expression of fear, rage, pleasure and sexual behavior?

Answer 31

Emotional Expression

Question 32

What structure lies ventral and in anterior to the thalamus, and includes the mamillary bodies and the pituitary gland?

Answer 32

Hypothalamus

Question 33

What are distinct swellings on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland also extends from here?

Answer 33

Mammillary bodies

Question 34

What is a small portion of the diencephalon that lies below the thalamus?

Answer 34

Subthalamus

Question 35

What is the most significant component in the subthalamus which is often considered a functional part of the basal ganglia and important in Parkinson’s Disease?

Answer 35

Subthalamic nucleus

Question 36

Lesions in the Subthalamic nucleus cause what syndrome which manifests as involuntary movements of one side of the body?

Answer 36

Hemiballismus

Question 37

What structure in the epithalamus calcifies in adults, but it's main hormonal function happens prior to adolescence to help delay the onset of puberty? This endocrine gland inhibits gonadal function and delays the onset of puberty.

Answer 37

Pineal gland

Question 38

What structure is the most posterior portion of the diencephalon? It consists of the paired habenular trigones (which contain the habenular nuclei), the single midline pineal body, and the habenular commissure that connects the two sides?

Answer 38

Epithalamus

Question 39

What structure in the epithalamus extends down onto the dorsal aspect of the brainstem where it lies between the paired superior colliculi of the midbrain?

Answer 39

Pineal Gland

Question 40

In the epithalamus, what processes olfactory, limbic, and autonomic information, and is likely where the emotional and visceral responses to smell are processed and where memories associated with smell are evoked?

Answer 40

Habenular nuclei