Unit 1_Cerebellum Diencephalon Structures Flashcards
What is connected to the dorsal aspect of the brainstem by three pairs of large white matter fiber pathways called cerebellar peduncles? These peduncles form the lateral walls of the fourth ventricle.
Cerebellum
What contain efferent fibers from the cerebellum and attach to the midbrain just inferior to the inferior colliculi?
SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
What contain afferent fibers destined for the cerebellum and are attached to the lateral border of the pons?
MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
What contain both afferents to and efferents from the cerebellum and are attached to the dorsolateral medulla?
INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
What is a genetic condition where cells begin to degenerate over time that includes cerebellar impairments or some impairments in the cerebellar peduncles where information is traveling to and from the cerebellum? The patient will have difficulty with coordination tasks, hitting targets, and making smooth and controlled movements.
Friedreich’s Ataxia
What is a place where sensory information can get processed and then influence movements in order to make sure you’re moving in a smooth and controlled manner in order to hit a desired targets? It also includes a lot of neurons.
Cerebellum
Why is the middle cerebellar peduncle large?
The cerebellum is processing a lot of real time sensory information for us
What divides the two hemispheres in the cerebellum?
A midline structure called a vermis
What is situated on the ventral aspect of the cerebellum and is formed by the NODULUS and the FLOCCULUS?
FLOCCULONODULAR LOBE
What lies external to the white matter and forms the cortex of the cerebellum?
Gray matter
What forms a medullary center in the cerebellum?
White matter
What is a series of deep cerebellar gray nuclei that are imbedded in the white matter center in the cerebellum?
- dentate
- interposed (2)
- fastigial
What is primarily involved in motor activities that include the following (Major role is motor learning):
a. Balance
b. Muscle tone regulation
c. Motor coordination
d. Rapid Alternating Movements
e. Motor Learning
f. Movement Initiation
g. Other
Cerebellum
Where is the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus (subthalamic n.), Epithalamus located?
Diencephalon
What includes the lateral ventricles and the neurons and glia that surround the lateral ventricles?
Telencephalon
What includes the third ventricle and the neurons and glia that surround the third ventricle?
Diencephalon
What is Rostral to Midbrain and Surrounded by the Cerebral Hemispheres?
Diencephalon
What are the four functional areas of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
What is a busy highway or intersection through the brain that contains white matter pathways that are moving heavily through the cerebral cortex heading toward cerebral peduncles in the brain? Oftentimes is damaged when an individual has a stroke that will leave them with hemi paresis or some weakness and change in sensory information on one side of the body. Also, a reason why there’s difficulty with recovery since it’s damaging the pathways where information is moving.
Internal Capsule
What large ovoid mass is the largest of the four components and each half of the brain contains one? In many individuals there is a short inter-thalamic adhesion that connects the two thalami across the third ventricle that lies between them. Contains nuclei that may be divided into 5 functional nuclear groups. Acts as a train station for sensory information.
Thalamus
If an individual has a stroke in the thalamus, what does it result in?
Often sensory challenges* and motor challenges
In the Thalamus, these nuclei have connections with the basal ganglia and the cerebellum and are involved in motor control?
Motor Group (Group 2)
In the Thalamus, these nuclei have important connections with limbic system structures and are involved in emotions such as anxiety and also in memory?
Limbic Group (Group 3)
In the Thalamus, these nuclei are likely involved in the complex processing of sensory information?
Multimodel Group (Group 4)
In the Thalamus, recent evidence suggests that these nuclei are involved in the regulation of consciousness along with roles in movement control and pain?
Intralaminar Group (Group 5)
When lesions occur on either side of this area often produce significant sensory loss or sensory distortion in the body and face?
Thalamic Dysfunction
What structure in the Diencephalon controls homeostasis and regulates associated functions, such as autonomic-parasympathetic and sympathetic and influences pituitary hormones?
Hypothalamus
In the Hypothalamus, what function produces responses such as vasoconstriction, vasodilation, sweating and shivering to change body temperature?
Regulates temperature
In the Hypothalamus, what function relates to damage to certain nuclei may lead to either anorexia or hyperphagia (overeating)?
Regulates eating
In the Hypothalamus, what function secretes vasopressin, which is an anti-diuretic hormone, in response to changes in osmolarity?
Fluid Balance
In the Hypothalamus, what function is the suprachiasmatic nucleus responsible for regulating the sleep/wake cycles and the internal clock?
Circadian Rhythm (SCN)
In the Hypothalamus, what function is involved in the expression of fear, rage, pleasure and sexual behavior?
Emotional Expression
What structure lies ventral and in anterior to the thalamus, and includes the mamillary bodies and the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
What are distinct swellings on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland also extends from here?
Mammillary bodies
What is a small portion of the diencephalon that lies below the thalamus?
Subthalamus
What is the most significant component in the subthalamus which is often considered a functional part of the basal ganglia and important in Parkinson’s Disease?
Subthalamic nucleus
Lesions in the Subthalamic nucleus cause what syndrome which manifests as involuntary movements of one side of the body?
Hemiballismus
What structure in the epithalamus calcifies in adults, but it’s main hormonal function happens prior to adolescence to help delay the onset of puberty? This endocrine gland inhibits gonadal function and delays the onset of puberty.
Pineal gland
What structure is the most posterior portion of the diencephalon? It consists of the paired habenular trigones (which contain the habenular nuclei), the single midline pineal body, and the habenular commissure that connects the two sides?
Epithalamus
What structure in the epithalamus extends down onto the dorsal aspect of the brainstem where it lies between the paired superior colliculi of the midbrain?
Pineal Gland
In the epithalamus, what processes olfactory, limbic, and autonomic information, and is likely where the emotional and visceral responses to smell are processed and where memories associated with smell are evoked?
Habenular nuclei
