Unit 4: Understanding the musculo-skeletal system

Question 1

Identify the two sections/views of bones you need to be able to identify and label:

Answer 1

Transverse section of bone

Vertical section of bone

Question 2

Name the different types of joints:

Answer 2

Ball and socket
Pivot
Hinge
Gliding/sliding
Fixed
Saddle

Question 3

Give an example of a ball and socket joint:

Answer 3

Hip

Shoulder

Question 4

Give an example of a pivot joint:

Answer 4

Neck

Question 5

Give an example of a saddle joint:

Answer 5

Thumb

Question 6

Give an example of a hinge joint:

Answer 6

Elbow

Knee

Question 7

Give an example of a sliding/gliding joint:

Answer 7

Wrist

Ankle

Question 8

Give an example of a fixed joint:

Answer 8

Cranium

Pelvis

Question 9

Name the components of a synovial joint:

Answer 9

Muscle
Bone
Ligament
Tendon
Cartilage 
Synovial capsule
Synovial fluid

Question 10

What does muscle do?

Answer 10

It is necessary for movement, it contracts and relaxes to move the joint

Question 11

What does the bone do?

Answer 11

It provides the framework and support for the body

Question 12

What does the ligament do?

Answer 12

It attaches one bone to another

Question 13

What does a tendon do?

Answer 13

Attaches muscle to a bone. When a muscle contracts to move a joint, it is the tendon that pulls the bone

Question 14

What does cartilage do?

Answer 14

Reduces friction and absorbs shock in the joint, allowing the joint to move smoothly

Question 15

What does the synovial capsule do?

Answer 15

It secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability

Question 16

What does synovial fluid do?

Answer 16

Lubricates and nourishes the joint

Question 17

What are antagonistic muscles?

Answer 17

They are a pair of muscles that work in pairs around a joint. One contracts whilst the other relaxes. They bring about then opposite action to each other

Question 18

Give an example of antagonistic muscles:

Answer 18

Quadriceps and hamstrings in the leg

Biceps and triceps in the arm

Question 19

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 19

Cartilage is worn down through overuse or time or being overweight. Bones eventually rub against each other causing pain

Question 20

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 20

Auto immune system - body attacks the cells that line the joints. Scar tissue replaces the cartilage and the joint becomes misshapen and rigid. Joints become stiff and swollen.

Question 21

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 21

Less bone forming cells (osteoblasts) than bone removing cells (osteoclasts) are being made. Mainly down to hormone changes. Bones decrease in density and become brittle and weak.

Question 22

What is the treatment for arthritis?

Answer 22

Medication to reduce swelling and inflammation
Painkillers
Physio to strengthen muscles around the joints
Walking sticks
Surgery to clean joints or replace joints

Question 23

What is the monitoring and treatment for osteoporosis?

Answer 23

Bone density scans and blood tests
Calcium and Vitamin D supplements
Load bearing exercise
Medication to slow the rate at which bone is broken down

Question 24

What is the impact on lifestyle of musculo-skeletal malfunctions?

Answer 24

Side effects of medication
Regular check-ups
Take care to avoid fractures
Loss of height - hunched appearance 
Pain
Recovery adaptations - stair lifts etc