Unit 4: Understand the control and regulatory systems

Question 1

What are the components of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nerves
Spinal Cord 
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons

Question 2

What is the Central Nervous System?

Answer 2

The control centre for the body - brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What are peripheral nerves?

Answer 3

Nerves that branch out from the CNS and take messages to the rest of the body

Question 4

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 4

Controls and regulates processes such as heart rate and peristalsis

Question 5

What are Sensory Neurons?

Answer 5

Transmit information from the senses - eyes, ears, skin etc

Question 6

What are Motor Neurons?

Answer 6

Transmit information to the muscles from the brain

Question 7

What are the components of the brain?

Answer 7

Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum
Frontal Lobes
Corpus Callosum 
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Meninges

Question 8

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

Answer 8

Outermost layer of brain, responsible for thinking and processing information.
4 different lobes to process different types of information

Question 9

What is the Cerebellum?

Answer 9

Positioned at the back of the skull, it regulates muscle activity - gross and fine motor skills.
Maintains balance

Question 10

What is the Frontal Lobe?

Answer 10

Part of the cerebral cortex responsible for thinking, decision making and planning, memory, language and judgement

Question 11

What is the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 11

A bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication between the two

Question 12

What is the Hypothalamus?

Answer 12

Regulates body temperature.
Regulates appetite and thirst.
Homeostasis

Question 13

What is the Medulla?

Answer 13

Automatically carries out and regulates life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

Question 14

What are Meninges?

Answer 14

Three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Question 15

What are the components of a Neuron?

Answer 15

Dendrites
Cell body
Neucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath

Question 16

What is an Axon?

Answer 16

Long thread-like part of a nerve cell which impulse are conducted away from the cell body to other cells

Question 17

What is a Dendron?

Answer 17

Short, branched structures that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body

Question 18

What is the Myelin Sheath?

Answer 18

Fatty white substance that surrounds the axon - a protective layer enabling electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

Question 19

What is a Synapse?

Answer 19

The gap between nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are released to allow the message to transmit from one nerve cell to the next

Question 20

Name the glands of the endocrine system

Answer 20

Pancreas
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Ovaries and Testes

Question 21

What is the function of the Pancreas?

Answer 21

Produces Insulin to regulate glucose levels in the blood

Question 22

What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

Answer 22

Located at the base of the brain it is the “master” gland that regulates all the other endocrine glands

Question 23

What is the function of the Adrenal Gland?

Answer 23

Situated at the top of each kidney, they produce the “fight or flight” hormone, Adrenaline

Question 24

What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?

Answer 24

Located in the lower front part of the neck, it produces thyroxine which sustains metabolism

Question 25

What are hormones?

Answer 25

Chemical messengers produced in the endocrine system

Question 26

What are the functions of Ovaries and Testes?

Answer 26

Testes - produce testosterone | Ovaries - produce oestrogen and progesterone

Question 27

What are the components of the kidney?

Answer 27

``` Cortex Medulla Calyx Ureters Renal Artery Renal Vein Urethra Bladder ```

Question 28

What is the cortex?

Answer 28

Outer layer of the kidney

Question 29

What is the medulla?

Answer 29

Inner part of kidney. Contains thousands of nephrons

Question 30

What is a calyx?

Answer 30

Chambers through which urine passes

Question 31

What is ureter?

Answer 31

Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder

Question 32

What is the renal artery?

Answer 32

Supplies kidney with oxygenated blood

Question 33

What is the renal vein?

Answer 33

Carries blood filtered by the kidneys

Question 34

What is the urethra?

Answer 34

Urine passes out of the bladder and out of the body through this

Question 35

What does the bladder do?

Answer 35

Stores urine

Question 36

What is the function of the kidney?

Answer 36

Maintain body's water balance Control salt levels Nephrons do the filtering of blood

Question 37

What do kidney nephrons do?

Answer 37

Filter waste from blood (urea) and creates urine.

Question 38

What are the breakdown functions of the liver?

Answer 38

Deamination Detoxification Production of bile

Question 39

What is deamination?

Answer 39

breaking down protein (amino acids) - produces a toxic waste (ammonia)

Question 40

What is detoxification?

Answer 40

Liver converts ammonia into urea and sends it to kidneys | Liver breaks down alcohol and removes it from blood

Question 41

What is the production of bile?

Answer 41

Liver produces bile to help breakdown nutrients in the digestive process

Question 42

What is homeostasis?

Answer 42

The maintenance of a constant internal environment - keeps everything normal

Question 43

Give examples of homeostasis:

Answer 43

Body temperature Blood sugar levels Water content

Question 44

What is negative feedback?

Answer 44

If the level rises then control systems bring it back. | If the level drops then control systems bring it back

Question 45

What are the stages of negative feedback?

Answer 45

Conditions in the body change from a set point Change detected Corrective mechanisms activated Conditions return to set point

Question 46

What are the symptoms of stroke?

Answer 46

``` Face may drop to one side May nit be able to raise both arms Slurred speech Dizziness Confusion Issues with balance and coordination ```

Question 47

What are the 2 types of stroke?

Answer 47

Ischaemic | Hemorrhagic

Question 48

What causes a ischaemic stroke?

Answer 48

A blood clot which blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain

Question 49

What causes a hemorrhagic

Answer 49

When a blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds into and around the brain

Question 50

What are the risk factors for stroke?

Answer 50

``` High blood pressure Smoking High fat diet Alcohol Lack of exercise ```

Question 51

What is the treatment for a stroke?

Answer 51

``` Blood thinning (anti clot) medicine Surgery to remove clot Surgical stents Physiotherapy Mobility aids ```

Question 52

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 52

An auto immune system disorder. The myelin sheath is attacked which causes it to be damaged which disrupts the messages travelling along the nerves

Question 53

what are the risk factors for MS?

Answer 53

Genetics Smoking Glandular fever

Question 54

What are the symptoms of MS?

Answer 54

``` Fatigue Difficulty walking Numbness or tingling Muscle stiffness Blurred vision ```

Question 55

What is the treatment for MS?

Answer 55

``` No cure - a progressive disease Wheelchairs Steroids Speech and language therapy Physiotherapy ```

Question 56

What are the symptoms of Diabetes

Answer 56

``` Thirst Tiredness Urinating more than usual Weight loss Blurred vision ```

Question 57

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 57

Auto immune system disorder. Islets of Langerhans (which produce insulin) are attacked

Question 58

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 58

The body becomes resistant to insulin - Being overweight contributes to this

Question 59

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

Answer 59

Use of insulin to maintain sugar levels. | Monitoring blood glucose levels

Question 60

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer 60

Healthy eating | Regular exercise

Question 61

What is nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 61

The kidney nephrons don't work properly causing large amounts of protein to leak into the urine and subsequently leaves the body when it shouldn't

Question 62

What causes nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 62

``` Kidney damage Diabetes Sickle cell anaemia HIV Hepatitis Syphilis ```

Question 63

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 63

Swelling of the body tissues High levels of urine being passed Greater chance of infections due to loss of proteins Blood clots

Question 64

What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 64

``` Steroids Reducing salt intake Vaccinations Dialysis Diuretic tablets ```

Question 65

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

Answer 65

Scaring of the liver tissue caused by overuse detoxification of alcohol

Question 66

What are the symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver?

Answer 66

``` Nausea Weight loss Vomiting blood Loss of appetite Jaundice Swelling of legs, ankles and feet Itchy skin ```

Question 67

What is the treatment of liver cirrhosis?

Answer 67

No cure Lifestyle changes - stop drinking alcohol Aim for health weight Transplant as last resort