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DJ Health and Social Care > Unit 4: Understand the control and regulatory systems > Flashcards

Unit 4: Understand the control and regulatory systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the nervous system?

A 
Central Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nerves
Spinal Cord 
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
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2
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

The control centre for the body - brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

Nerves that branch out from the CNS and take messages to the rest of the body

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4
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Controls and regulates processes such as heart rate and peristalsis

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5
Q

What are Sensory Neurons?

A

Transmit information from the senses - eyes, ears, skin etc

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6
Q

What are Motor Neurons?

A

Transmit information to the muscles from the brain

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7
Q

What are the components of the brain?

A 
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebellum
Frontal Lobes
Corpus Callosum 
Hypothalamus
Medulla
Meninges
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8
Q

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

A

Outermost layer of brain, responsible for thinking and processing information.
4 different lobes to process different types of information

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9
Q

What is the Cerebellum?

A

Positioned at the back of the skull, it regulates muscle activity - gross and fine motor skills.
Maintains balance

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10
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe?

A

Part of the cerebral cortex responsible for thinking, decision making and planning, memory, language and judgement

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11
Q

What is the Corpus Callosum?

A

A bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication between the two

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12
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Regulates body temperature.
Regulates appetite and thirst.
Homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the Medulla?

A

Automatically carries out and regulates life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

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14
Q

What are Meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

What are the components of a Neuron?

A 
Dendrites
Cell body
Neucleus
Axon
Myelin Sheath
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16
Q

What is an Axon?

A

Long thread-like part of a nerve cell which impulse are conducted away from the cell body to other cells

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17
Q

What is a Dendron?

A

Short, branched structures that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body

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18
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath?

A

Fatty white substance that surrounds the axon - a protective layer enabling electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

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19
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

The gap between nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are released to allow the message to transmit from one nerve cell to the next

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20
Q

Name the glands of the endocrine system

A 
Pancreas
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Ovaries and Testes
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21
Q

What is the function of the Pancreas?

A

Produces Insulin to regulate glucose levels in the blood

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22
Q

What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

A

Located at the base of the brain it is the “master” gland that regulates all the other endocrine glands

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23
Q

What is the function of the Adrenal Gland?

A

Situated at the top of each kidney, they produce the “fight or flight” hormone, Adrenaline

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24
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?

A

Located in the lower front part of the neck, it produces thyroxine which sustains metabolism

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25
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced in the endocrine system

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26
Q

What are the functions of Ovaries and Testes?

A

Testes - produce testosterone

Ovaries - produce oestrogen and progesterone

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27
Q

What are the components of the kidney?

A 
Cortex
Medulla
Calyx
Ureters
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
Urethra
Bladder
28
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer layer of the kidney

29
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Inner part of kidney. Contains thousands of nephrons

30
Q

What is a calyx?

A

Chambers through which urine passes

31
Q

What is ureter?

A

Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder

32
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

Supplies kidney with oxygenated blood

33
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

Carries blood filtered by the kidneys

34
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Urine passes out of the bladder and out of the body through this

35
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

Stores urine

36
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A

Maintain body’s water balance
Control salt levels
Nephrons do the filtering of blood

37
Q

What do kidney nephrons do?

A

Filter waste from blood (urea) and creates urine.

38
Q

What are the breakdown functions of the liver?

A

Deamination
Detoxification
Production of bile

39
Q

What is deamination?

A

breaking down protein (amino acids) - produces a toxic waste (ammonia)

40
Q

What is detoxification?

A

Liver converts ammonia into urea and sends it to kidneys

Liver breaks down alcohol and removes it from blood

41
Q

What is the production of bile?

A

Liver produces bile to help breakdown nutrients in the digestive process

42
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment - keeps everything normal

43
Q

Give examples of homeostasis:

A

Body temperature
Blood sugar levels
Water content

44
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

If the level rises then control systems bring it back.

If the level drops then control systems bring it back

45
Q

What are the stages of negative feedback?

A

Conditions in the body change from a set point
Change detected
Corrective mechanisms activated
Conditions return to set point

46
Q

What are the symptoms of stroke?

A 
Face may drop to one side
May nit be able to raise both arms
Slurred speech
Dizziness
Confusion
Issues with balance and coordination
47
Q

What are the 2 types of stroke?

A

Ischaemic

Hemorrhagic

48
Q

What causes a ischaemic stroke?

A

A blood clot which blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain

49
Q

What causes a hemorrhagic

A

When a blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds into and around the brain

50
Q

What are the risk factors for stroke?

A 
High blood pressure
Smoking 
High fat diet
Alcohol
Lack of exercise
51
Q

What is the treatment for a stroke?

A 
Blood thinning (anti clot) medicine
Surgery to remove clot
Surgical stents
Physiotherapy
Mobility aids
52
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

An auto immune system disorder. The myelin sheath is attacked which causes it to be damaged which disrupts the messages travelling along the nerves

53
Q

what are the risk factors for MS?

A

Genetics
Smoking
Glandular fever

54
Q

What are the symptoms of MS?

A 
Fatigue
Difficulty walking
Numbness or tingling
Muscle stiffness
Blurred vision
55
Q

What is the treatment for MS?

A 
No cure - a progressive disease
Wheelchairs
Steroids
Speech and language therapy
Physiotherapy
56
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes

A 
Thirst
Tiredness
Urinating more than usual
Weight loss
Blurred vision
57
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

A

Auto immune system disorder. Islets of Langerhans (which produce insulin) are attacked

58
Q

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?

A

The body becomes resistant to insulin - Being overweight contributes to this

59
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Use of insulin to maintain sugar levels.

Monitoring blood glucose levels

60
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Healthy eating

Regular exercise

61
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome?

A

The kidney nephrons don’t work properly causing large amounts of protein to leak into the urine and subsequently leaves the body when it shouldn’t

62
Q

What causes nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Kidney damage 
Diabetes
Sickle cell anaemia
HIV
Hepatitis
Syphilis
63
Q

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Swelling of the body tissues
High levels of urine being passed
Greater chance of infections due to loss of proteins
Blood clots

64
Q

What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Steroids 
Reducing salt intake
Vaccinations
Dialysis
Diuretic tablets
65
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

A

Scaring of the liver tissue caused by overuse detoxification of alcohol

66
Q

What are the symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver?

A 
Nausea
Weight loss
Vomiting blood
Loss of appetite 
Jaundice
Swelling of legs, ankles and feet
Itchy skin
67
Q

What is the treatment of liver cirrhosis?

A

No cure
Lifestyle changes - stop drinking alcohol
Aim for health weight
Transplant as last resort

DJ Health and Social Care (36 decks)

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