Unit 4: Understand the control and regulatory systems Flashcards
What are the components of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Peripheral Nerves Spinal Cord Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons
What is the Central Nervous System?
The control centre for the body - brain and spinal cord
What are peripheral nerves?
Nerves that branch out from the CNS and take messages to the rest of the body
What is the Autonomic Nervous System?
Controls and regulates processes such as heart rate and peristalsis
What are Sensory Neurons?
Transmit information from the senses - eyes, ears, skin etc
What are Motor Neurons?
Transmit information to the muscles from the brain
What are the components of the brain?
Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Frontal Lobes Corpus Callosum Hypothalamus Medulla Meninges
What is the Cerebral Cortex?
Outermost layer of brain, responsible for thinking and processing information.
4 different lobes to process different types of information
What is the Cerebellum?
Positioned at the back of the skull, it regulates muscle activity - gross and fine motor skills.
Maintains balance
What is the Frontal Lobe?
Part of the cerebral cortex responsible for thinking, decision making and planning, memory, language and judgement
What is the Corpus Callosum?
A bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication between the two
What is the Hypothalamus?
Regulates body temperature.
Regulates appetite and thirst.
Homeostasis
What is the Medulla?
Automatically carries out and regulates life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
What are Meninges?
Three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
What are the components of a Neuron?
Dendrites Cell body Neucleus Axon Myelin Sheath
What is an Axon?
Long thread-like part of a nerve cell which impulse are conducted away from the cell body to other cells
What is a Dendron?
Short, branched structures that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body
What is the Myelin Sheath?
Fatty white substance that surrounds the axon - a protective layer enabling electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells
What is a Synapse?
The gap between nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are released to allow the message to transmit from one nerve cell to the next
Name the glands of the endocrine system
Pancreas Pituitary Gland Adrenal Gland Thyroid Gland Ovaries and Testes
What is the function of the Pancreas?
Produces Insulin to regulate glucose levels in the blood
What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?
Located at the base of the brain it is the “master” gland that regulates all the other endocrine glands
What is the function of the Adrenal Gland?
Situated at the top of each kidney, they produce the “fight or flight” hormone, Adrenaline
What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?
Located in the lower front part of the neck, it produces thyroxine which sustains metabolism
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers produced in the endocrine system
What are the functions of Ovaries and Testes?
Testes - produce testosterone
Ovaries - produce oestrogen and progesterone
What are the components of the kidney?
Cortex Medulla Calyx Ureters Renal Artery Renal Vein Urethra Bladder
What is the cortex?
Outer layer of the kidney
What is the medulla?
Inner part of kidney. Contains thousands of nephrons
What is a calyx?
Chambers through which urine passes
What is ureter?
Tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
What is the renal artery?
Supplies kidney with oxygenated blood
What is the renal vein?
Carries blood filtered by the kidneys
What is the urethra?
Urine passes out of the bladder and out of the body through this
What does the bladder do?
Stores urine
What is the function of the kidney?
Maintain body’s water balance
Control salt levels
Nephrons do the filtering of blood
What do kidney nephrons do?
Filter waste from blood (urea) and creates urine.
What are the breakdown functions of the liver?
Deamination
Detoxification
Production of bile
What is deamination?
breaking down protein (amino acids) - produces a toxic waste (ammonia)
What is detoxification?
Liver converts ammonia into urea and sends it to kidneys
Liver breaks down alcohol and removes it from blood
What is the production of bile?
Liver produces bile to help breakdown nutrients in the digestive process
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a constant internal environment - keeps everything normal
Give examples of homeostasis:
Body temperature
Blood sugar levels
Water content
What is negative feedback?
If the level rises then control systems bring it back.
If the level drops then control systems bring it back
What are the stages of negative feedback?
Conditions in the body change from a set point
Change detected
Corrective mechanisms activated
Conditions return to set point
What are the symptoms of stroke?
Face may drop to one side May nit be able to raise both arms Slurred speech Dizziness Confusion Issues with balance and coordination
What are the 2 types of stroke?
Ischaemic
Hemorrhagic
What causes a ischaemic stroke?
A blood clot which blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain
What causes a hemorrhagic
When a blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds into and around the brain
What are the risk factors for stroke?
High blood pressure Smoking High fat diet Alcohol Lack of exercise
What is the treatment for a stroke?
Blood thinning (anti clot) medicine Surgery to remove clot Surgical stents Physiotherapy Mobility aids
What is Multiple Sclerosis?
An auto immune system disorder. The myelin sheath is attacked which causes it to be damaged which disrupts the messages travelling along the nerves
what are the risk factors for MS?
Genetics
Smoking
Glandular fever
What are the symptoms of MS?
Fatigue Difficulty walking Numbness or tingling Muscle stiffness Blurred vision
What is the treatment for MS?
No cure - a progressive disease Wheelchairs Steroids Speech and language therapy Physiotherapy
What are the symptoms of Diabetes
Thirst Tiredness Urinating more than usual Weight loss Blurred vision
What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
Auto immune system disorder. Islets of Langerhans (which produce insulin) are attacked
What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?
The body becomes resistant to insulin - Being overweight contributes to this
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
Use of insulin to maintain sugar levels.
Monitoring blood glucose levels
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
Healthy eating
Regular exercise
What is nephrotic syndrome?
The kidney nephrons don’t work properly causing large amounts of protein to leak into the urine and subsequently leaves the body when it shouldn’t
What causes nephrotic syndrome?
Kidney damage Diabetes Sickle cell anaemia HIV Hepatitis Syphilis
What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
Swelling of the body tissues
High levels of urine being passed
Greater chance of infections due to loss of proteins
Blood clots
What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
Steroids Reducing salt intake Vaccinations Dialysis Diuretic tablets
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
Scaring of the liver tissue caused by overuse detoxification of alcohol
What are the symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver?
Nausea Weight loss Vomiting blood Loss of appetite Jaundice Swelling of legs, ankles and feet Itchy skin
What is the treatment of liver cirrhosis?
No cure
Lifestyle changes - stop drinking alcohol
Aim for health weight
Transplant as last resort
