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Parasitology > Unit 4 - Trematodes > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Adult trematodes are always found in the:

A

definitive host

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2
Q

Most trematode eggs are characterized by an:

A

operculum

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3
Q

Where do metacercariae encyst?

A

on vegetation

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4
Q

What is the general life cycle of the trematodes starting with the adult?

A
  1. adult
  2. egg
  3. miracidium
  4. cercaria
  5. metacercaria
  6. adult
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5
Q

Fasciola hepatica DH:

A

ruminants, pigs, horses, wide range of mammalian wild life

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6
Q

IH for Fasciola hepatica:

A

lymnaeid snails

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7
Q

What is the site in the DH for Fasciola hepatica?

A

bile ducts, liver

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8
Q

Acute clinical disease associated with Fasciola hepatica in which species?

A

primarily sheep and goats (from ingesting large numbers of metacercariae)

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9
Q

What are some of the chronic symptoms of Fasciola hepatica?

A
  • decreased feed intake
  • decreased weight gain
  • decreased milk production
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10
Q

What is the most common type of clinical disease associated with Fasciola hepatica?

A

chronic

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11
Q

Primarily, how do you diagnose trematode species?

A

eggs seen in fecal sedimentation

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12
Q

Human infections with Fasciola hepatica can occur but are:

A

rare in the US

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13
Q

DH for Fascioloides magna:

A

primarily cervids (i.e. deer)

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14
Q

Fascioloides magna DH site:

A

bile ducts, liver

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15
Q

IH for Fascioloides magna:

A

lymnaeid snails

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16
Q

Metacercariae site for Fascioloides magna:

A

vegetation

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17
Q

Aberrant hosts for F. magna:

A

sheep, goats

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18
Q

What are the accidental/incidental/dead-end hosts for Fascioloides magna?

A

cattle, pigs, llamas, horses, moose

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19
Q

Pathology in cervids for Fascioloides magna in natural DH:

A

unapparent

- flukes in thin-walled cysts w/ channels to bile duct

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20
Q

Pathology for F. magna in accidental hosts:

A
  • no channels
  • thick cysts
  • liver condemned
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21
Q

Causes highly pathogenic, traumatic hepatitis in its aberrant hosts including hemorrhage, necrosis, and adhesive peritonitis:

A

Fascioloides magna

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22
Q

Paramphistomidae DH:

A

cattle, goats, sheep

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23
Q

Paramphistomidae site in DH:

A

rumen, reticulum

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24
Q

Paramphistomidae IH:

A

aquatic snail (not all are lymnaeid)

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25
Q

Usually non-pathogenic rumen flukes:

A

paramphistomidae

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26
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum DH:

A

sheep, cattle, goats

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27
Q

Primary sites for Dicrocoelium dendriticum in DH:

A

liver, gall bladder, bile ducts

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28
Q

1st IH for Dicrocoelium denditicum:

A

land snail

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29
Q

2nd IH for Dicrocoelium dendriticum:

A

metacercariae in ants

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30
Q

Has embryonated eggs in feces:

A

D. dendriticum, Platynosomum spp.

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31
Q

Advanced infections of Dicrocoelium dendriticum cause:

A
  • hepatic cirrhosis
  • proliferation of bile duct epithelium
  • condemned livers
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32
Q

How do humans become accidentally infected with Dicrocoelium dendriticum?

A

accidental ingestion of ant (rare)

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33
Q

Platynosomum spp. DH:

A

domestic/wild cats

34
Q

Platynosomum spp. site of infection DH:

A

bile and pancreatic ducts, liver, gallbladder

35
Q

1st IH for Platynosomum spp:

A

land snail

36
Q

2nd IH for Platynosomum spp:

A

isopods (pill bugs), wood lice

37
Q

3rd IH for Platynosomum spp.:

A

lizards, toads, geckos

38
Q

Where do metecercariae encyst?

A

on vegetation

39
Q

What life cycle stage encysts on vegetation for ingestion by the DH for Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola magna?

A

metacercariae

40
Q

What is unique about the Alaria spp. lifecycle?

A

transmammary transmission

41
Q

How are Heterobilharzia amercana unique from the rest of the trematodes?

A

dioecious

42
Q

DH for Paragonimus kellicotti:

A

dogs, cats, pigs, muskrats, mink, wild/domestic carnivores, occasionally humans

43
Q

1st IH for Paragonimus kellicotti:

A

aquatic snails

44
Q

2nd IH for Paragonimus kellicotti:

A

crayfish

45
Q

Paratenic host for Paragonimus kellicotti:

A

rodents

46
Q

What is the DH site for Paragonimus kellicotti?

A

lung parenchyma (encysted)

47
Q

What are some of the more prominent clinical signs of Paragonimus kellicotti?

A
  • deep coughing
  • dyspnea
  • hemoptysis
48
Q

What can you see on radiographs that allows for the diagnosis of Paragonimus kellicotti?

A

pulmonary cysts (adult stage)

49
Q

What can you find at necropsy that allows for appropriate diagnosis of Paragonimus kellicotti?

A

reddish brown adults encysted in lungs

50
Q

How do people occasionally become infected with Paragonimus kellicotti?

A

ingesting undercooked crayfish

51
Q

DH for Nanophyetus salmincola:

A

raccoon, mink, fox, coyote, dog, cat, piscivorous birds, piscivorous mammals, humans (rare)

52
Q

1st IH for Nanophyetus salmincola:

A

aquatic snails

53
Q

2nd IH for Nanophyetus salmincola:

A

fish, Pacific giant salamanders

54
Q

DH site for Nanophyetus salmincola:

A

small intestine

55
Q

2nd IH site for Nanophyetus salmincola:

A

kidneys, muscle, fins, other organs

56
Q

What’s a unique feature of Nanophyetus salmincola?

A

NO extra-intestinal migration; develop to adults in SI

57
Q

Are the Nanyophyetus salmincola eggs embryonated?

A

NO

58
Q

Where can you find Paragonimus kellicotti eggs in the host?

A

fecal sed/float AND in the lungs (fluid/sputum/transtracheal wash)

59
Q

Which stage of the trematode Nanophyetus salmincola develops in the fish IH (2nd IH)?

A

metacercariae

60
Q

N. salmonica adults in the canine DH can cause what clinical signs?

A

bloody diarrhea, sudden fever, persistent vomiting, ocular discharge

61
Q

How do you diagnose Nanophyetus salmonica in dogs?

A

clinical signs, lymph node aspirations, and trematode eggs in feces

62
Q

How do people get infected with Nanophyetus spp.?

A

eating undercooked fish

63
Q

DH for Alaria spp.:

A

cats, dogs, wide range of carnivores

64
Q

1st IH for Alaria spp.:

A

aquatic snails

65
Q

2nd IH for Alaria spp:

A

tadpoles

66
Q

Paratenic hosts for Alaria spp:

A

frogs, snakes, mice, mammals

67
Q

What is the site in the DH for Alaria spp?

A

small intestine or mammary glands in the lactating cat

68
Q

Instead of the metacercariae, Alaria spp. has what trematode life cycle stage?

A

mesocercariae

69
Q

Diagnosis of PHF:

A

clinical signs, isolation of N. risticii, and Ab titers

70
Q

Heterobilharzia americana DH:

A

raccoons (natural DH), dogs, bobcats, nutria, opossum, Florida panther, beaver, horses, llama, other mammals

71
Q

IH for Heterobilharzia americana:

A

lymnaeid snails

72
Q

DH site for Heterobilharzia americana:

A

hepatic portal and mesenteric veins

73
Q

What does H. americana cause in the canine DH?

A

canine schistosomiasis

74
Q

Pathology of H. americana in the canine DH?

A
  • severe granulomatous inflammation
  • fibrosis
  • mineralization
  • death
75
Q

What are some of the clinical signs associated with Heterobilharzia americana?

A

bloody diarrhea, vomiting, normal CBC (possibly hypercalcemia)

76
Q

How do you diagnose Heterobilharzia americana via the eggs?

A
  • fecal sedimentation with SALINE
  • fecal PCR
  • biopsy
  • radiographs
77
Q

Which trematodes encyst on vegetation (3)?

A
  1. Fasciola hepatica
  2. Fascioloides magna
  3. Paramphitomum spp.
78
Q

Which trematodes encyst in the intermediate host (5 examples given)?

A
  1. D. dendriticum - ants
  2. P. fastosum - lizards
  3. P. kellicotti - crayfish
  4. N. salmincola - salmon
  5. Alaria spp (mesocercariae**) - frogs, etc.
79
Q

Also known as the “liver fluke”, fascioliasis, or “liver rot”:

A

Fasciola hepatica

80
Q

Where in North America is Fasciola hepatica found?

A

Gulf Coast & SE U.S.

81
Q

Also known as the “deer liver fluke” or the “Large American liver fluke”

A

Fascioloides magna

Parasitology (13 decks)

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