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Parasitology > Unit 1 - Protozoa > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for bird-to-bird transmission of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

cloacal drinking

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2
Q

What bird type is the most susceptible to histomonas?

A

turkeys

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3
Q

Chickens that are infected intra-cloacally with Histomonas rarely:

A

show signs

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4
Q

What do histomonas lesions look like in the liver?

A

circular depressions of necrosis, enlarged

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5
Q

What do histomonas lesions look like in the ceca?

A

cecal core, ulceration –> perforation –> peritonitis

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6
Q

When can you see “Blackhead” symptoms appear in a bird that has been infected with Histomonas meleagridis?

A

~1 week after infection

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7
Q

What are some symptoms of H. meleagridis that can be seen 7-12 days PI?

A

lethargy, stilted gate, cyanosis

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8
Q

Mortality with H. meleagridis can occur how many days PI?

A

17 days

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9
Q

H. meleagridis can be more pathogenic if it is concurrent with these 3 infections:

A

C. perfringens, E. coli, Eimeria tenella

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10
Q

What are some rule outs for H. meleagridis?

A

Eimeria tenella, Salmonella spp., E. coli

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11
Q

What are the off-label drugs used to treat H. meleagridis?

A

dimetrodazole, metronidazole

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12
Q

Are there any approved drugs for treating H. meleagridis?

A

no

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13
Q

What off-label drugs are used to control cecal worm, Heterakis gallinarum?

A

fenbendazole, tramisol, hygromycin B

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14
Q

Which trichomonad can be seen in birds upper GI tract and liver?

A

Trichomonas gallinae

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15
Q

Which species does Trichomonas foetus infect?

A

cattle (urogenital), cats/dogs (LI), swine (intestine)

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16
Q

What are the general characteristics of the Trichomonad trophozoite?

A

3-5 anterior flagella, undulating membrane, axostyle, single nucleus, NO cyst stage, 4-30 um

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17
Q

Where is T. foetus located in female cattle host? male?

A

reproductive tract, vagina/uterus; sheath of penis, seminal vesicles, testicles

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18
Q

Where are T. foetus infections located in the actual fetus?

A

fluids from abortion, stomach of aborted fetus

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19
Q

Is the life cycle of Tritrichomonas direct or indirect?

A

direct

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20
Q

List the steps of the Tritrichomonas direct life cycle:

A

flagellated trophozoites introduced during coitus –> trophozoites reproduce asexually (via binary fission) in repro tract –> mature trophozoites in 14-20 days PI

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21
Q

Clinical signs in male cattle with tritrichomonas:

A

asymptomatic

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22
Q

Clinical signs in female cattle with tritrichomonas:

A

repeat breeders (delayed estrus), infertility, vaginitis, cervicitis, chronic inflammation of vulva and vagina

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23
Q

What is the only stage in the life cycle of Tritrichomonas?

A

trophozoite

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of the Tritrichomonas trophozoite?

A

motile, flagellated, undulating membrane, 3 anterior flagella (10-26 um x 3-15 um)

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25
Q

Are there approved treatments for Tritrichomonas?

A

no, but Metronidazole has shown some efficacy

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26
Q

What are some control methods for Tritrichomonas?

A

control animal movement, test bulls annually (or before introducing to herd), AI, Cull positive cows, vaccinate females

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27
Q

What species does Tritrichomonas blagburni (foetus) infect?

A

cats

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28
Q

What is the likely transmission route of T. blagburni?

A

fecal-oral

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29
Q

Pathogenesis of feline Trichomoniasis:

A

large bowel inflammation (chronic diarrhea/relapes, hemorrhagic/mucoid stool)

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30
Q

What is the problem with treating feline trichomoniasis?

A

most unsuccessful (ronidazole is the treatment of choice)

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31
Q

What is the transmission for feline trichomoniasis?

A

cat to cat (grooming, litter boxes, feed, water); trophozoite survival

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32
Q

Site of infection in pigs with Tritrichomonas foetus:

A

stomach, colon, nasal passages (no pathology)

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33
Q

Site of infectioin in dogs with Tritrichomonas foetus:

A

LI (pathology - diarrhea)

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34
Q

What are the hosts for Trichomonas gallinae?

A

wide range of avian species

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35
Q

Trichomonas gallinae location in host:

A

primarily upper GI tract, extraintestinal

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36
Q

What are the characteristics of the Trichomonas gallinae trophozoite?

A

4 anterior flagella, undulating membrane, axostyle, single nucleus, no cyst stage, 5-9 um x 2-9 um

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37
Q

What is the life cycle of trichomonas gallinae (3 steps)?

A

trophozoites introduced orally –> divide (longitudinal binary fission) –> passed to next host orally

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38
Q

Routes of Infection for T. gallinae (4):

A

mother to offspring (regurgitation), water/feed contamination, predator/prey, courtship

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39
Q

What bird species is a reservoir host for Trichomonas gallinae?

A

pigeons

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40
Q

Pathology of Trichomonas gallinae (4):

A

upper GI tract (invade mucosal surface), caseous lesions, secondary infection, strain differences

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41
Q

Diagnosing T. gallinae (3):

A

gross lesion in throat, direct smear, histopath

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42
Q

Tx for T. gallinae

A

dimetronidazole (not available in US)

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43
Q

What two types of nuclei are seen in the ciliophora phylum?

A

macronucleus, micronucleus

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44
Q

List the 5 characteristics of Phylum Ciliophora:

A

two types of nuclei, ciliated body, food ingested through cytosome, reproduces by binary fission, majority are free livinig

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45
Q

What is the largest parasitic protozoan in humans?

A

balantidium coli (only ciliate known to parasitize humans)

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46
Q

What are the hosts for Balantidium coli?

A

pigs (primarily), humans, primates, horses, cows, rodents

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47
Q

What is the global distribution of Balantidium coli?

A

worldwide

48
Q

Balantidium coli location in host:

A

Large Intestine

49
Q

Does Balantidium coli have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

direct

50
Q

What is the life cycle of Balantidium coli?

A

Cyst in feces, ingested by host, trophozoites excyst in SI, colonize LI, encystation in LI; cyst and trophozoites excreted, cysts ingested

51
Q

What is the infective stage of Balantidium coli?

A

cysts

52
Q

How long is the Balantidium coli life cycle?

A

4-5 days

53
Q

B. coli Reproduction:

A

transverse binary fission

54
Q

B. coli route of infection:

A

fecal-oral

55
Q

What shape is the macronucleus of trophozoite B. coli?

A

horseshoe

56
Q

Pathology of B. coli in pigs:

A

usually asymptomatic, diarrhea, colitis (can also have ulcers in the stomach)

57
Q

Pathology of B. coli in humans:

A

balantidiasis, chronic diarrhea, colitis, weight loss, ulcers, perforation of LI, concurrent infections

58
Q

Tx of B. coli:

A

usually not treated

59
Q

Ichthyophthiriasis

A

white spot disease

60
Q

Most prevalent protozoan parasite of freshwater fish:

A

I. multifiliis

61
Q

Parasitic fish stage of I. multifiliis:

A

motile ciliated trophont with a distinct horseshoe shaped macronucleus

62
Q

Where are outbreaks and high mortalities most prevalent when dealing with I. multifiliis?

A

aquacultured fish species

63
Q

What is the parasitic fish stage of I. multifiliis?

A

trophonts

64
Q

What are the sites of infection associated with I. multifiliis trophonts?

A

gills, fins, skin

65
Q

What stage of the I. multifiliis life cycle matures on the fish and then drops off into the water to become a tomont?

A

trophonts

66
Q

What is the short summation of the I. multifiliis life cycle (4 steps)?

A

trophont –> tomont –> tomite –> theront

67
Q
  • protected and encysted stage in water

- binary fission within it produces tomites

A

tomonts (I. multifiliis)

68
Q
  • further develop into theronts

- release of theronts

A

tomites

69
Q
  • motile, ciliated stage
  • theronts emerge from the tomont into the water column
  • encounter a fish host
A

theront

70
Q

How do theronts enter the fish host from the water?

A

penetrate into epithelium

71
Q

How long do theronts have to contact a fish host before they die in the water?

A

48-72 hours (cooler temperatures can increase this window of opportunity)

72
Q

What are the three main issues caused to the gills by the pathology of I. multifiliis?

A

O2 exchange compromised
disruption of osmoregulation
disruption of O2 uptake

73
Q

Everything in this phylum have an “apical complex” in one stage that functions in host cell invasion

A

apicomplexans

74
Q

Unicellular phylum of protozoa; some have tissue cysts containing many cells; spore-forming:

A

apicomplexans

75
Q

Are apicomplexans direct or indirect in their life cycle?

A

can be either

76
Q

asexual reproduction; a single zygote (in oocyst) produces infective sporozoites

A

sporogony

77
Q

asexual reproduction; sporozoites undergo a rapid division to become meront (shizont) stages containing numerous invasive merozoits; several generations possible, depending on species

A

merogeny (schizogony)

78
Q

merozoites differentiate into gametes (male microgametes and female macrogametes):

A

gametogony (gamogony)

79
Q

gametes fuse to produce zygote (oocyst)

A

fertilization

80
Q

What is the coccidian generic life cycle (8 steps)?

A

zygote –> sporogony –> sporozoites –> host cell invasion –> merozoites –> gamogony –> gametes –> fertilization –> zygote

81
Q

What are the 3 main steps of the Eimeria spp. life cycle?

A

oocyst, sporulated oocyst, direct life cycle

82
Q

How many sporocysts do sporulated Eimeria oocysts have? How many sporozoites?

A

4 sporocysts; each with 2 sporozoites

83
Q

What part of the life cycle for Eimeria spp. infects target cells?

A

sporozoites

84
Q

Does the Eimeria spp. have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

direct (host –> environment –> host)

85
Q

What factors contribute to Eimeria spp. pathology?

A

host, species, site of infection, challenge

86
Q

What are the general clinical signs of Eimeria spp. infections (4)?

A
  • severe, watery diarrhea, dehydration
  • bloody feces
  • loss of weight
  • lethargy/depression
87
Q

What two Eimeria spp. are pathogenic to cattle?

A

bovis, zuernii

88
Q

What are the clinical signs/pathology of Eimeria infections in cattle?

A
  • severe, watery diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • lethargy/depression
  • lesions, submucosa destroyed
89
Q

PPP for Eimeria spp. in cattle:

A

~2-3 weeks

90
Q

What are the pathogenic Eimeria spp. for sheep?

A

E. ahsata, ovina

91
Q

What are the pathogenic Eimeria spp. for chickens?

A

maxima, tenella

92
Q

What are the pathogenic Eimeria spp. for cats/dogs?

A

not infected with Eimeria, have their own genus

93
Q

How many sporulated Eimeria oocysts are there?

A

4 sporocysts, each containing 2 sporozoites

94
Q

Cystoisospora can have an ________ stage in paratenic hosts:

A

extraintestinal

95
Q

Does isospora/cystoisospora spp. have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

direct

96
Q

What is the Giardia PPP?

A

5-7 days

97
Q

Asexual reproduction type for Giardia:

A

binary fission

98
Q

Stages in giardia life cycle:

A

trophozoite, fecal cyst

99
Q

Infective stage for Giardia duodenalis:

A

cyst stage in feces that can survive for months

100
Q

G. duodenalis routes of infection:

A

fecal-oral, carnivorism

101
Q

Where do the giardia trophozoites encyst?

A

large intestine

102
Q

Giardia is spread through:

A

intermittent shedding

103
Q

Where are Giardia trophozoites mainly located in the host?

A

Small Intestine

104
Q

What is the size range for the Giardia trophozoites (motile stage w/ flagella)?

A

4-10 um x 10-20 um

105
Q

How many nuclei do Giardia trophozoites have?

A

2

106
Q

What should you look for in a direct smear when you suspect giardia? What stain should you use?

A

motile trophozoites; Lugol’s iodine stain

107
Q

What is the size range for Giardia fecal cysts?

A

4-10 um x 6-15 um

108
Q

How many nuclei do giardia fecal cysts have (no flagella)?

A

4 nuclei

109
Q

What is the typical diagnostic method for giardia fecal cysts?

A

flotation (w/ zinc sulfate or Sheather’s solution)

110
Q

What happens to giardia fecal cysts when subjected to Sheather’s solution?

A

collapses them and gives them an ellipsoidal shape

111
Q

Aside from a fecal float, what are the other diagnostic tests for testing for Giardia fecal cysts?

A

antigen test, Direct FA test, PCR

112
Q

What are the four clinical signs associated with Giardia in dogs/cats?

A

small bowel, intermittent diarrhea; usually young animals; malabsorption, weight loss; mucus, fluid in small intestine (often associated with concurrent infections)

113
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Giardia in ruminants?

A

similar to dogs/cats but is not zoonotic

114
Q

List the clinical assigns associated with human Giardia infection:

A

nausea, diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain

115
Q

List the three potential routes of infection for G. duodenalis human infection:

A

fecal contamination, contaminated water, usually human to human

116
Q

What is the only environmental control against Giardia?

A

prevention of fecal build-up

117
Q

What are some of the medications used to treat G. duodenalis?

A

metronidazole, albendazole, fenbendazole

Parasitology (13 decks)

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