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Parasitology > Unit 3 - Capillarids, Lungworms, Hookworms > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Capillarids, Lungworms, Hookworms Flashcards

1
Q

All lay eggs with 2 polar plugs except Trichinella spp. in which females are larviporus:

A

Superfamily Trichinelloidea

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2
Q

What is the characteristic of the superfamily Trichinelloidea?

A

stichosome esophagus surrounded by stichocytes

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3
Q

T suis host:

A

swine

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4
Q

T. discolor host:

A

ruminants

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5
Q

T. krjabini host:

A

ruminants

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6
Q

T. ovis:

A

ruminants

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7
Q

Trichuris vulpis host:

A

canids

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8
Q

T. campanula and T. serrata host:

A

felids (rare)

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9
Q

What is the route of infection for all Trichuris spp.?

A

preoral

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10
Q

What stage of Trichuris spp. is passed in the feces?

A

eggs

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11
Q

What is the location of the adult Trichuris spp.?

A

attach to mucosa of cecum

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12
Q

What pathogenesis is associated with adult Trichuris suis?

A

hematophagous

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13
Q

Trichuris spp. clinical signs in cats:

A

rare, asymptomatic

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14
Q

Trichuris spp. clinical signs in ruminants:

A
  • usually subclinical
  • inappetence
  • bloody diarrhea
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15
Q

What are some of the clinical signs associated with Trichuris suis in pigs?

A
  • catarrhal enteritis
  • mucosal necrosis
  • hemorrhage
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16
Q

Where does the L1 of Trichuris vulpis develop?

A

in egg (infective)

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17
Q

How long do the infective eggs are T. vulpis remain viable?

A

years

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18
Q

What is the location of T. vulpis adults in the host?

A

mucosa of cecum (attached)

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19
Q

What stage of T. vulpis is passed in the feces?

A

unembryonated eggs

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20
Q

Which life cycle stage of T. vulpis has no disease association?

A

developing larvae

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21
Q

When T. vulpis is severe, it causes:

A
  • hemorrhagic typhlitis or colitis

- diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood

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22
Q

Rarely, T. vulpis can cause the following clinical signs:

A
  • bloody diarrhea
  • weight loss
  • dehydration
  • anemia
  • death
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23
Q

What are two major ways to diagnose Trichuris spp.?

A
  • eggs (fecal float- technique of choice)

- adults (necropsy - whip-like)

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24
Q

What is host species for Eucoleus aerophilus (bronchial capillarid)?

A

cats, dogs, carnivores

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25
Q

What is the site of the Eucoleus aerophilus adult in the host?

A
  • epithelium of trachea

- bronchioles

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26
Q

What is the host species for Eucoleus boehmi (nasal capillarid)?

A

Canids

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27
Q

What is the site of the E. boehmi adult in the host?

A
  • mucosa of nasal turbinates or frontal/paranasal sinuses
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28
Q

What is the host for Aonchotheca putorii?

A

cats, dogs

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29
Q

What is the site of the Aonchotheca putorii adult in the host?

A

stomach

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30
Q

What is the host for Pearsonema plica?

A

cats, dogs

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31
Q

What is the site of the Pearsonema plica adult in the host?

A

urinary bladder mucosa

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32
Q

What is the host for Pearsonema felis-cati?

A

cats

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33
Q

What is the site for Pearsonema felis-cati adults in the host?

A

urinary bladder mucosa or free in bladder

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34
Q

Which animal is considered to serve as the reservoir for infection of Eucoleus aerophilus in domestic animals?

A

foxes

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35
Q

Where do the L1 from ingested eggs of E. aerophilus hatch?

A

SI

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36
Q

What are the clinical signs of Eucoleus aerophilus in domestic animals?

A
  • often light, inapparent

- slight cough, wheezing, nasal discharge

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37
Q

How do you diagnose Eucoleus aerophilus?

A

fecal float - eggs

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38
Q

What are the clinical symptoms associated with Eucoleus boehmi?

A
  • epithelium becomes hyperemic and hyperplastic
  • sneezing, rhinitis
  • nasal discharge (may be bloody)
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39
Q

How do you diagnose Eucoleus boehmi?

A

fecal float, nasal discharge

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40
Q

How is Aonchotheca putorii transmitted?

A

ingestion of eggs in soil (life cycle unknown)

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41
Q

How is Pearsonema plica transmitted?

A

DH: eggs in urine
IH: earthworm
PH: ?

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42
Q

How is Pearsonema felis-cati transmitted?

A

Unknown

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43
Q

How do you diagnose Aonchotheca putorii?

A

fecal float

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44
Q

How do you diagnose Pearsonema plica (or P. delis-cati)?

A

urine sediment, urine float, contaminated feces

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45
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Aonchotheca putorii?

A
  • hyperplastic pyloric gastritis
  • superficial mucosal fibrosis
  • ulceration
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46
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Pearsonema plica (or P. felis-cati)?

A
  • usually subclinical

- rarely seen hemturia, dysuria, and/or cystitis

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47
Q

Where are Trichinella spp. adults located?

A

mucosa in small intestine

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48
Q

Do Trichinella spp. have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

direct

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49
Q

What are the DH for Trichinella spp.?

A
  • carnivores
  • omnivores
  • can cause human disease
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50
Q

The L1 for Trichinellosis are distributed in:

A

“nurse cells” (cysts) throughout muscles of hosts

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51
Q

What is the sylvatic cycle of Trichinella spiralis?

A
  • predation

- wild carnivorous/omnivorous mammals and prey species

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52
Q

What is the domestic (urban) cycle for Trichinella spiralis?

A
  • meat scraps/cannibalism

- prey species (i.e.) ingested by pigs, dogs, or cats

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53
Q

How do humans get infected with Trichinella spiralis?

A

undercooked various meats (esp. pork in US)

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54
Q

How do you diagnose Trichnellosis?

A
  • based on clinical signs
  • serology
  • muscle biopsy
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55
Q

Which disease has no signs in naturally infected swine?

A

Trichinella spiralis

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56
Q

Which disease has larvae in the muscles of swine resulting in tender muscles, and an eventual physical slow down?

A

Trichinella spiralis (can also effect breathing if it invades diaphragm)

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57
Q

Tell me about the pathology associated with Trichinella spiralis:

A
  • larvae enter the myocytes and are encapsulated by a host-derived membrane
  • cysts may calcify over time
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58
Q

Why can muscle biopsies be negative often when looking for Trichinella spiralis?

A

sampling errors (even in heavy infections)

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59
Q

Trichinella spiralis diagnosis in people?

A
  • clinical signs, serology, biopsy
  • antibodies
  • ELISA
  • PCR
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60
Q

What are some pre-slaughter control methods for Trichinella spiralis?

A
  • exposure to infective rodents/wildlife
  • prevent cannibalism in pig herds
  • illegal to feed raw garbage
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61
Q

Giant Kidney Worm

A

Dioctophyme renale

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62
Q

What are the DH for Dioctophyme renale?

A

mustelids (minks, weasels, otters, badgers, ferrets), carnivores, canids, felids

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63
Q

What is the IH for Dioctophyme renale?

A

invertebrate (e.g. earthworms)

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64
Q

What are the PH for Dioctophyme renale?

A

fish, amphibians, crayfish, etc.

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65
Q

What is the infective stage for Dioctophyme renale and what do they do in the PH?

A

L3; encyst

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66
Q

How is Dioctophyme renale a public health risk?

A

ingestion of under-cooked PH (fish, amphibians, etc.)

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67
Q

Patent infections of Dioctophyme renale are found in the:

A

pelvis of the right kidney

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68
Q

Latent infections of Dioctophyme renale are found:

A

free in the abdominal cavity

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69
Q

Diagnosis of Dioctophyme renale is done by:

A

examining the urine

70
Q

Which hookworm species affect large animals?

A

Bunostomum phlebotomum, trigonochepalum

71
Q

Order Strongylida males have a:

A

bursa

72
Q

Which hookworms affect small animals?

A

Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense, A. tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala

73
Q

Entry sites on the animals that have been infected with Bunostomum phlebotomum often appear:

A

irritated, pruritic, swollen, scabbed over

74
Q

Heavy infections associated with Bunostomum phlebotomum are caused by:

A

adults

75
Q

What are some of the signs of heavy infections with Bunostomum phlebotomum?

A
  • diarrhea
  • anemia
    0 hypoproteinemia
76
Q

What is the DH for Bunostomum phlebotomum?

A
  • wild and domestic ruminants

sheep and goats are less common

77
Q

Where is the site of the adults for Bunostomum phlebotomum?

A

small intestine (duodenum)

78
Q

What are the two ways Bunostomum phlebotomum enters the host?

A
  1. penetrates skin (most common)

2. ingestion

79
Q

How do you diagnose Bunostomum phlebotomum?

A
  • eggs: fecal float (thick shell, dirty looking)
80
Q

What are the control methods for Bunostomum phlebotomum?

A
  • avoid moist pastures
  • promote dryness
  • general hygiene
81
Q

What are the DH for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

A

sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas

82
Q

What is the site of infection for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

A

small instestine (jejunum, ileum)

83
Q

What are the signs of infection for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

A
  • irritation at entry site
  • anemia
  • dark diarrhea
  • edema (all ruminants get bottle jaw)
  • death
84
Q

What are the two entry routes for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

A
  1. ingestion

2. penetrates skin (most common)

85
Q

How do you diagnose Bunostomum trigonocephalum?

A

fecal flotation (eggs)

86
Q

Ancylostoma caninum:

A

canine only

87
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense:

A

canine and feline

88
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme:

A

feline only

89
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala:

A

canine and feline

90
Q

Which small animal hookworm is more common in colder climates of the US?

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

91
Q

1 pair of teeth:

A

Ancylostoma braziliense

92
Q

Cutting plates:

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

93
Q

Curved on anterior ends (hooks). Males have a copulatory bursa:

A

hookworms

94
Q

Has 3 pairs of teeth:

A

A. caninum, A. tubaeforme

95
Q

What are the PH for Ancylostoma caninum?

A

vertebrates, cockroaches

96
Q

What is the site of adults for Ancylostoma caninum?

A

small intestine

97
Q

Which hookworm species does not tolerate freezing well?

A

Ancylostoma caninum

98
Q

What are the four potential routes of infection associated with Ancylostoma caninum?

A
  1. L3 penetrate skin
  2. DH ingests L3 (enter SI crypts)
  3. PH ingests L3 (arrests until it enters the DH)
  4. Pregnant bitch ingests L3 (transmammary)
99
Q

Which stages of Ancylostoma caninum disease produce no eggs?

A

Peracute (puppies)

Acute (older pup, mature)

100
Q

Site of infection associated with Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

small intestine

101
Q

What regions do Ancylostoma braziliense prefer?

A

tropical/subtropical (moist, sandy, warm)

102
Q

Site of infection associated with A. tubaeforme?

A

small intestine

103
Q

Which is the only species of small animal hookworms to use transmammary infection?

A

A. caninum

104
Q

Pathology associated with Ancylostoma spp larvae (all of them):

A
  • dermatitis

- pneumonia

105
Q

Pathology associated with Ancylostoma spp. adults:

A
  • anemia
  • enteritis
  • edema
106
Q

Which small animal hookworm species is the most pathogenic?

A

A. caninum

107
Q

All hookworms:

A

suck blood

108
Q

Ancylostoma spp. diagnosis:

A

fecal float

109
Q

Which Ancylostoma species have three pairs of teeth in adults?

A

A. caninum

A. tubaeforme

110
Q

Which Ancylostoma spp. has one pair of teeth?

A

A. braziliense

111
Q

Which small animal hookworm species is rare in cats specifically in the US?

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

112
Q

What is the PH for Uncinaria stenocephala?

A

rodents

113
Q

What is the location in the host for Incinaria stenocephala?

A

SI

114
Q

What type of climate does Uncinaria stenocephala prefer?

A

cooler

115
Q

Which species of small animal hookworm is resistant to freezing?

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

116
Q

What are the 3 routes of infection for Uncinaria stenocephala?

A
  1. penetrates skin (uncommon)
  2. DH ingestion
  3. PH ingests
117
Q

May be asymptomatic and is the LEAST pathogenic hookworm in dogs:

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

118
Q

Diagnoses of Uncinaria stenocephala?

A

fecal float for eggs (looks very similar to ancylostoma but is slightly larger)

119
Q

What is the most important hookworm for zoonotic Cutaneous Larva Migrans?

A

Acylostoma braziliense

120
Q

Which species of hookworms have the potential to cause zoonote cutaneous larval migrans (CLM)?

A

all small animal hookworms!

121
Q

What is the other name for Cutaneous Larval Migrans (CLM)?

A

creeping eruption

122
Q

What is the best way to prevent CLM?

A

good hygeiene

123
Q

What are some of the symptoms associated with CLM?

A
  • papules
  • inflamed tracks
  • thickened skin
  • pruritis
124
Q

Dictyocaulus viviparus:

A

cattle, deer

125
Q

Dictyocaulus filaria:

A

sheep, goats

126
Q

Muellerius capillaris:

A

sheep, goats

127
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:

A

felids

128
Q

Filaroides (Osterus) osleri:

A

canids

129
Q

What are the two superfamilies of lungworms?

A
  1. Trichostrongyloidea

2. Metastrongyloidea

130
Q

Which lungworms are in the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?

A
  1. Dictyocaulus viviparus

2. D. filaria

131
Q

Which lungworms are the in superfamily Metastrongyloidea?

A
  1. Muellerius capillaris
  2. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
  3. Filaroides osleri
132
Q

What are the DH for Dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

cattle, deer, elk, bison

133
Q

What are the sites of infection for Dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

134
Q

Which stage of the D. viviparus life cycle is found in the feces?

A

L1

135
Q

How is L3 distributed to the host for Dictyocaulus viviparus?

A

ingested alone or on Pilobolus fungus

136
Q

Where does the L4 of D. viviparus and D. filaria travel to in the DH (elk, deer, cattle, bison)?

A

thoracic duct and right heart; lung; alveoli

137
Q

Where do the adults of D. viviparus usually live in the host?

A

lumen of bronchial tree

138
Q

Where do the L1 of D. viviparus and D. filaria hatch?

A

in airway (most common) or GI

139
Q

What pathology is associated with D. viviparus?

A
  • inflamed bronchi
  • collapsed alveoli
  • epithelialized alveoli
  • fibrotic lobes
140
Q

What are the respiratory clinical signs associated with D. viviparus?

A
  • chronic bronchitis
  • tachypnea
  • severe dyspnea
  • extended head
  • harsh cough
141
Q

Only the L1 of the species of parasitic nematodes is found in fresh cattle manure:

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus

142
Q

Describe the appearance of the D. viviparus L1 that is found in feces:

A
  • prominent granules

- bluntly pointed tail, rounded head

143
Q

What is the diagnostic technique of choice associated with D. viviparus?

A

Baermann with fresh feces

144
Q

D. viviparus males are:

A

bursate

145
Q

Site of infection for Dictyocaulus filaria:

A

bronchi and trachea

146
Q

What stage of D. filaria is in the feces of the DH?

A

L1

147
Q

Where do the adults of D. filaria travel to in the DH?

A

lumen of bronchial tree

148
Q

What pathology is associated with D. filaria?

A
  • inflammation
  • catarrhal bronchitis
  • atelectasis
  • pneumonia
149
Q

Usually mild clinical signs unless it causes a large infection (primarily respiratory):

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

150
Q

Describe the appearance of the D. filaria L1 (seen in feces):

A
  • bluntly pointed end
  • brownish intestinal granules
  • “button” at mouth
151
Q

What is the diagnostic technique of choice for D. filaria?

A

Baermann (but adults can be seen at necropsy)

152
Q

Control for D. filaria:

A

avoid moist or contaminated pastures

153
Q

What is the IH for Muellerius capillaris?

A

Gastropods (snails, slugs)

154
Q

What is the site of infection for M. capillaris?

A

parenchyma and bronchioles of lungs

155
Q

Where are the adults of Muelleris capillaris located?

A

nodules in lung parenchyma

156
Q

What stage of Muelleris capillaris is in the feces?

A

L1

157
Q

Muelleris capillaris pathology:

A
  • not usually pathogenic
  • inflammation
  • small nodular lesions
158
Q

What is the appearance of Muelleris capillaris L1 in feces?

A

-wavy, pointed tail with dorsal spine

159
Q

Technique of choice in diagnosing Muellerius capillaris (sheep, goats) and A. abstrusus (cats)?

A

Baermann

160
Q

What is the IH for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

snails, slugs

161
Q

What is the PH for Aerlurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles

162
Q

Site of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A
  • lung parenchyma
  • terminal respiratory bronchioles
  • nodules on alveolar ducts
163
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

L1 in feces

164
Q

All aelurostorngylus abstrusus signs are primarily:

A

respiratory

165
Q

Appearance of A. abstrusus in L1 (fresh feces):

A

tail curved; dorsal spine

166
Q

Site of infection for Filaroides osleri:

A
  • in nodules in trachea and bronchi

- rarely in lungs!!

167
Q

How is Filaroides osleri spread?

A

L1 and eggs in feces AND salvia

168
Q

Eggs of Filaroides osleri are:

A

larvated

169
Q

What are the clinical signs of Filaroides osleri?

A

Chronic dry cough, severe respiratory distress

170
Q

Have larvated, thin-shelled eggs:

A

Filaroides osleri

171
Q

Which species of lungworm has no dorsal spine?

A

Filaroides osleri

172
Q

Which species of lungworm is the only one to NOT be diagnosed by using Baermann but instead using ZnSO4 flotation?

A

Filaroides osleri

Parasitology (13 decks)

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