Unit 3 - Capillarids, Lungworms, Hookworms Flashcards
All lay eggs with 2 polar plugs except Trichinella spp. in which females are larviporus:
Superfamily Trichinelloidea
What is the characteristic of the superfamily Trichinelloidea?
stichosome esophagus surrounded by stichocytes
T suis host:
swine
T. discolor host:
ruminants
T. krjabini host:
ruminants
T. ovis:
ruminants
Trichuris vulpis host:
canids
T. campanula and T. serrata host:
felids (rare)
What is the route of infection for all Trichuris spp.?
preoral
What stage of Trichuris spp. is passed in the feces?
eggs
What is the location of the adult Trichuris spp.?
attach to mucosa of cecum
What pathogenesis is associated with adult Trichuris suis?
hematophagous
Trichuris spp. clinical signs in cats:
rare, asymptomatic
Trichuris spp. clinical signs in ruminants:
- usually subclinical
- inappetence
- bloody diarrhea
What are some of the clinical signs associated with Trichuris suis in pigs?
- catarrhal enteritis
- mucosal necrosis
- hemorrhage
Where does the L1 of Trichuris vulpis develop?
in egg (infective)
How long do the infective eggs are T. vulpis remain viable?
years
What is the location of T. vulpis adults in the host?
mucosa of cecum (attached)
What stage of T. vulpis is passed in the feces?
unembryonated eggs
Which life cycle stage of T. vulpis has no disease association?
developing larvae
When T. vulpis is severe, it causes:
- hemorrhagic typhlitis or colitis
- diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood
Rarely, T. vulpis can cause the following clinical signs:
- bloody diarrhea
- weight loss
- dehydration
- anemia
- death
What are two major ways to diagnose Trichuris spp.?
- eggs (fecal float- technique of choice)
- adults (necropsy - whip-like)
What is host species for Eucoleus aerophilus (bronchial capillarid)?
cats, dogs, carnivores
What is the site of the Eucoleus aerophilus adult in the host?
- epithelium of trachea
- bronchioles
What is the host species for Eucoleus boehmi (nasal capillarid)?
Canids
What is the site of the E. boehmi adult in the host?
- mucosa of nasal turbinates or frontal/paranasal sinuses
What is the host for Aonchotheca putorii?
cats, dogs
What is the site of the Aonchotheca putorii adult in the host?
stomach
What is the host for Pearsonema plica?
cats, dogs
What is the site of the Pearsonema plica adult in the host?
urinary bladder mucosa
What is the host for Pearsonema felis-cati?
cats
What is the site for Pearsonema felis-cati adults in the host?
urinary bladder mucosa or free in bladder
Which animal is considered to serve as the reservoir for infection of Eucoleus aerophilus in domestic animals?
foxes
Where do the L1 from ingested eggs of E. aerophilus hatch?
SI
What are the clinical signs of Eucoleus aerophilus in domestic animals?
- often light, inapparent
- slight cough, wheezing, nasal discharge
How do you diagnose Eucoleus aerophilus?
fecal float - eggs
What are the clinical symptoms associated with Eucoleus boehmi?
- epithelium becomes hyperemic and hyperplastic
- sneezing, rhinitis
- nasal discharge (may be bloody)
How do you diagnose Eucoleus boehmi?
fecal float, nasal discharge
How is Aonchotheca putorii transmitted?
ingestion of eggs in soil (life cycle unknown)
How is Pearsonema plica transmitted?
DH: eggs in urine
IH: earthworm
PH: ?
How is Pearsonema felis-cati transmitted?
Unknown
How do you diagnose Aonchotheca putorii?
fecal float
How do you diagnose Pearsonema plica (or P. delis-cati)?
urine sediment, urine float, contaminated feces
What clinical signs are associated with Aonchotheca putorii?
- hyperplastic pyloric gastritis
- superficial mucosal fibrosis
- ulceration
What clinical signs are associated with Pearsonema plica (or P. felis-cati)?
- usually subclinical
- rarely seen hemturia, dysuria, and/or cystitis
Where are Trichinella spp. adults located?
mucosa in small intestine
Do Trichinella spp. have a direct or indirect life cycle?
direct
What are the DH for Trichinella spp.?
- carnivores
- omnivores
- can cause human disease
The L1 for Trichinellosis are distributed in:
“nurse cells” (cysts) throughout muscles of hosts
What is the sylvatic cycle of Trichinella spiralis?
- predation
- wild carnivorous/omnivorous mammals and prey species
What is the domestic (urban) cycle for Trichinella spiralis?
- meat scraps/cannibalism
- prey species (i.e.) ingested by pigs, dogs, or cats
How do humans get infected with Trichinella spiralis?
undercooked various meats (esp. pork in US)
How do you diagnose Trichnellosis?
- based on clinical signs
- serology
- muscle biopsy
Which disease has no signs in naturally infected swine?
Trichinella spiralis
Which disease has larvae in the muscles of swine resulting in tender muscles, and an eventual physical slow down?
Trichinella spiralis (can also effect breathing if it invades diaphragm)
Tell me about the pathology associated with Trichinella spiralis:
- larvae enter the myocytes and are encapsulated by a host-derived membrane
- cysts may calcify over time
Why can muscle biopsies be negative often when looking for Trichinella spiralis?
sampling errors (even in heavy infections)
Trichinella spiralis diagnosis in people?
- clinical signs, serology, biopsy
- antibodies
- ELISA
- PCR
What are some pre-slaughter control methods for Trichinella spiralis?
- exposure to infective rodents/wildlife
- prevent cannibalism in pig herds
- illegal to feed raw garbage
Giant Kidney Worm
Dioctophyme renale
What are the DH for Dioctophyme renale?
mustelids (minks, weasels, otters, badgers, ferrets), carnivores, canids, felids
What is the IH for Dioctophyme renale?
invertebrate (e.g. earthworms)
What are the PH for Dioctophyme renale?
fish, amphibians, crayfish, etc.
What is the infective stage for Dioctophyme renale and what do they do in the PH?
L3; encyst
How is Dioctophyme renale a public health risk?
ingestion of under-cooked PH (fish, amphibians, etc.)
Patent infections of Dioctophyme renale are found in the:
pelvis of the right kidney
Latent infections of Dioctophyme renale are found:
free in the abdominal cavity
Diagnosis of Dioctophyme renale is done by:
examining the urine
Which hookworm species affect large animals?
Bunostomum phlebotomum, trigonochepalum
Order Strongylida males have a:
bursa
Which hookworms affect small animals?
Ancylostoma caninum, A. braziliense, A. tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala
Entry sites on the animals that have been infected with Bunostomum phlebotomum often appear:
irritated, pruritic, swollen, scabbed over
Heavy infections associated with Bunostomum phlebotomum are caused by:
adults
What are some of the signs of heavy infections with Bunostomum phlebotomum?
- diarrhea
- anemia
0 hypoproteinemia
What is the DH for Bunostomum phlebotomum?
- wild and domestic ruminants
sheep and goats are less common
Where is the site of the adults for Bunostomum phlebotomum?
small intestine (duodenum)
What are the two ways Bunostomum phlebotomum enters the host?
- penetrates skin (most common)
2. ingestion
How do you diagnose Bunostomum phlebotomum?
- eggs: fecal float (thick shell, dirty looking)
What are the control methods for Bunostomum phlebotomum?
- avoid moist pastures
- promote dryness
- general hygiene
What are the DH for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?
sheep, goats, alpacas, llamas
What is the site of infection for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?
small instestine (jejunum, ileum)
What are the signs of infection for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?
- irritation at entry site
- anemia
- dark diarrhea
- edema (all ruminants get bottle jaw)
- death
What are the two entry routes for Bunostomum trigonocephalum?
- ingestion
2. penetrates skin (most common)
How do you diagnose Bunostomum trigonocephalum?
fecal flotation (eggs)
Ancylostoma caninum:
canine only
Ancylostoma braziliense:
canine and feline
Ancylostoma tubaeforme:
feline only
Uncinaria stenocephala:
canine and feline
Which small animal hookworm is more common in colder climates of the US?
Uncinaria stenocephala
1 pair of teeth:
Ancylostoma braziliense
Cutting plates:
Uncinaria stenocephala
Curved on anterior ends (hooks). Males have a copulatory bursa:
hookworms
Has 3 pairs of teeth:
A. caninum, A. tubaeforme
What are the PH for Ancylostoma caninum?
vertebrates, cockroaches
What is the site of adults for Ancylostoma caninum?
small intestine
Which hookworm species does not tolerate freezing well?
Ancylostoma caninum
What are the four potential routes of infection associated with Ancylostoma caninum?
- L3 penetrate skin
- DH ingests L3 (enter SI crypts)
- PH ingests L3 (arrests until it enters the DH)
- Pregnant bitch ingests L3 (transmammary)
Which stages of Ancylostoma caninum disease produce no eggs?
Peracute (puppies)
Acute (older pup, mature)
Site of infection associated with Ancylostoma braziliense?
small intestine
What regions do Ancylostoma braziliense prefer?
tropical/subtropical (moist, sandy, warm)
Site of infection associated with A. tubaeforme?
small intestine
Which is the only species of small animal hookworms to use transmammary infection?
A. caninum
Pathology associated with Ancylostoma spp larvae (all of them):
- dermatitis
- pneumonia
Pathology associated with Ancylostoma spp. adults:
- anemia
- enteritis
- edema
Which small animal hookworm species is the most pathogenic?
A. caninum
All hookworms:
suck blood
Ancylostoma spp. diagnosis:
fecal float
Which Ancylostoma species have three pairs of teeth in adults?
A. caninum
A. tubaeforme
Which Ancylostoma spp. has one pair of teeth?
A. braziliense
Which small animal hookworm species is rare in cats specifically in the US?
Uncinaria stenocephala
What is the PH for Uncinaria stenocephala?
rodents
What is the location in the host for Incinaria stenocephala?
SI
What type of climate does Uncinaria stenocephala prefer?
cooler
Which species of small animal hookworm is resistant to freezing?
Uncinaria stenocephala
What are the 3 routes of infection for Uncinaria stenocephala?
- penetrates skin (uncommon)
- DH ingestion
- PH ingests
May be asymptomatic and is the LEAST pathogenic hookworm in dogs:
Uncinaria stenocephala
Diagnoses of Uncinaria stenocephala?
fecal float for eggs (looks very similar to ancylostoma but is slightly larger)
What is the most important hookworm for zoonotic Cutaneous Larva Migrans?
Acylostoma braziliense
Which species of hookworms have the potential to cause zoonote cutaneous larval migrans (CLM)?
all small animal hookworms!
What is the other name for Cutaneous Larval Migrans (CLM)?
creeping eruption
What is the best way to prevent CLM?
good hygeiene
What are some of the symptoms associated with CLM?
- papules
- inflamed tracks
- thickened skin
- pruritis
Dictyocaulus viviparus:
cattle, deer
Dictyocaulus filaria:
sheep, goats
Muellerius capillaris:
sheep, goats
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:
felids
Filaroides (Osterus) osleri:
canids
What are the two superfamilies of lungworms?
- Trichostrongyloidea
2. Metastrongyloidea
Which lungworms are in the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea?
- Dictyocaulus viviparus
2. D. filaria
Which lungworms are the in superfamily Metastrongyloidea?
- Muellerius capillaris
- Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
- Filaroides osleri
What are the DH for Dictyocaulus viviparus?
cattle, deer, elk, bison
What are the sites of infection for Dictyocaulus viviparus?
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Which stage of the D. viviparus life cycle is found in the feces?
L1
How is L3 distributed to the host for Dictyocaulus viviparus?
ingested alone or on Pilobolus fungus
Where does the L4 of D. viviparus and D. filaria travel to in the DH (elk, deer, cattle, bison)?
thoracic duct and right heart; lung; alveoli
Where do the adults of D. viviparus usually live in the host?
lumen of bronchial tree
Where do the L1 of D. viviparus and D. filaria hatch?
in airway (most common) or GI
What pathology is associated with D. viviparus?
- inflamed bronchi
- collapsed alveoli
- epithelialized alveoli
- fibrotic lobes
What are the respiratory clinical signs associated with D. viviparus?
- chronic bronchitis
- tachypnea
- severe dyspnea
- extended head
- harsh cough
Only the L1 of the species of parasitic nematodes is found in fresh cattle manure:
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Describe the appearance of the D. viviparus L1 that is found in feces:
- prominent granules
- bluntly pointed tail, rounded head
What is the diagnostic technique of choice associated with D. viviparus?
Baermann with fresh feces
D. viviparus males are:
bursate
Site of infection for Dictyocaulus filaria:
bronchi and trachea
What stage of D. filaria is in the feces of the DH?
L1
Where do the adults of D. filaria travel to in the DH?
lumen of bronchial tree
What pathology is associated with D. filaria?
- inflammation
- catarrhal bronchitis
- atelectasis
- pneumonia
Usually mild clinical signs unless it causes a large infection (primarily respiratory):
Dictyocaulus filaria
Describe the appearance of the D. filaria L1 (seen in feces):
- bluntly pointed end
- brownish intestinal granules
- “button” at mouth
What is the diagnostic technique of choice for D. filaria?
Baermann (but adults can be seen at necropsy)
Control for D. filaria:
avoid moist or contaminated pastures
What is the IH for Muellerius capillaris?
Gastropods (snails, slugs)
What is the site of infection for M. capillaris?
parenchyma and bronchioles of lungs
Where are the adults of Muelleris capillaris located?
nodules in lung parenchyma
What stage of Muelleris capillaris is in the feces?
L1
Muelleris capillaris pathology:
- not usually pathogenic
- inflammation
- small nodular lesions
What is the appearance of Muelleris capillaris L1 in feces?
-wavy, pointed tail with dorsal spine
Technique of choice in diagnosing Muellerius capillaris (sheep, goats) and A. abstrusus (cats)?
Baermann
What is the IH for Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
snails, slugs
What is the PH for Aerlurostrongylus abstrusus?
rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles
Site of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
- lung parenchyma
- terminal respiratory bronchioles
- nodules on alveolar ducts
What is the diagnostic stage of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
L1 in feces
All aelurostorngylus abstrusus signs are primarily:
respiratory
Appearance of A. abstrusus in L1 (fresh feces):
tail curved; dorsal spine
Site of infection for Filaroides osleri:
- in nodules in trachea and bronchi
- rarely in lungs!!
How is Filaroides osleri spread?
L1 and eggs in feces AND salvia
Eggs of Filaroides osleri are:
larvated
What are the clinical signs of Filaroides osleri?
Chronic dry cough, severe respiratory distress
Have larvated, thin-shelled eggs:
Filaroides osleri
Which species of lungworm has no dorsal spine?
Filaroides osleri
Which species of lungworm is the only one to NOT be diagnosed by using Baermann but instead using ZnSO4 flotation?
Filaroides osleri
