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Parasitology > Unit 1 - Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Apicomplexa Flashcards

1
Q

Common, can infect many vertebrates, and can cause multi-systemic disease…but can also be covert

A

T. gondii

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2
Q

What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

felidae (all cat species)

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3
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for T. gondii?

A

almost all warm-blooded animals

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4
Q

What are two routes of infection for T. gondii?

A
  • ingestion of tissue cysts in IH (3-10 days)

- ingestion of sporulated oocysts (19-48 days)

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5
Q

What protozoal stages of T. gondii can be seen in felids?

A
  • sexual stages in intestine fertilization –> unsporulated oocysts shed
  • asexual stages extra-intestinal
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6
Q

What is the PPP (pre-patent period)?

A

time from infection until demonstration of oocysts in feces

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7
Q

What is the most efficient route of infection for T. gondii?

A

ingestion of tissue cysts from intermediate hosts (3-10 days)

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8
Q

When is peak oocyst shedding of T. gondii?

A

6-7 days PI

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of T. gondii is adults cats?

A

usually subclinical

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of T. gondii in kittens?

A 
feline toxoplasmosis (concurrent infection, immunosuppression)
- fever, weight loss, lethargy, dyspnea, abdominal discomfort, icterus, etc.
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11
Q

What is the big picture behind T. gondii clinical signs?

A

multisystemic; primarily lungs, liver, ocular

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12
Q

What effect does T. gondii have on sheep?

A

major cause of abortions in US, vertical transmission (infected offspring)

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13
Q

How does T. gondii affect goats?

A

abortions, clinical toxoplasmosis (liver, kidneys, CNS), vertical transmission

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14
Q

Is there a transmission risk of T. gondii for people?

A

yes; raw goat milk, undercooked meat

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15
Q

How does T. gondii affect cattle and horses?

A

resistant to infection

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16
Q

What does it mean if an animal is seropositive for an infection, i.e. T. gondii?

A

gives a positive result in a test of blood serum

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17
Q

What about clinical toxoplasmosis and vertical transmission of T. gondii in dogs?

A

both are rare

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18
Q

Will a fecal float detect T. gondii?

A

rarely detects oocysts

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19
Q

How do you diagnose an active infection of T. gondii FelidDH?

A

rising titer (4-fold increase over two weeks)

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20
Q

How can you diagnose T. gondii in IH?

A

clinical signs, antibody titers, PCR, histo, immunohisto

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21
Q

What are the approved treatments for T. gondii?

A

no vaccines or drugs

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22
Q

What are some off-label options for treating T.gondii?

A

clindamycin, sulfonamide & pyrimethamine, trimethoprim & sulfonamine

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23
Q

What are the control methods of T. gondii?

A

remove feces daily, feed cats dry/canned/cooked meat only, prevent carnivorism/hunting

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24
Q

What is the direct host of Neospora caninum?

A

dogs

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25
Q

What does N. caninum cause in dogs?

A

neuromuscular disease

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26
Q

What are the IH for N. caninum?

A

cattle (also, small ruminants, deer, horses, etc.)

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27
Q

What is the primary cause of cattle abortion worldwide?

A

N. caninum

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28
Q

What’s a prevalent similarity between N. caninum and T. gondii?

A

excreted as unsporulated oocysts from the host, sporulates in the environment, cysts in intermediate host

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29
Q

What’s the major different between T. gondii and N. caninum?

A

dogs can get reinfected, cats cannot

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30
Q

What is the PPP of N. caninum?

A

5-17 days

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31
Q

How long does it take N. caninum oocysts to sporulate in the environment?

A

24-72 hours

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32
Q

Once N. caninum sporulates, how many sporocysts does it have? Sporozoites?

A

2 sporocysts, 4 sporozoites

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33
Q

What are the 2 routes of infection for the IH?

A

oocyst, transplancental

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34
Q

What are the two routes of infection for the DH?

A

ingestion of tissue cyst, transplacental

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35
Q

Congenital infection with N. caninum leads to….

A

asymptomatic carriers

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36
Q

Describe the lesions seen with Neospora caninum:

A

focal necrosis to severe myositis in skeletal muscles

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37
Q

What are some clinical signs you might seen in a dog that’s come into your clinic with Neospora caninum?

A

progressive hind limb paralysis, muscle atrophy, difficulty swallowing

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38
Q

When diagnosing N. caninum, what can be seen on a fecal float?

A

unsproulated oocysts (short period of time)

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39
Q

How do you test for N. caninum in cattle?

A

antibody test using serum or milk (ELISA); multiple testing (can use aborted calves - hist, PCR, ELISA)

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40
Q

What are the methods of control for N. caninum?

A

limited access of dogs to cattle, minimization of fecal contamination, remove aborted cattle, herd management

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41
Q

What are the approved treatments for N. caninum?

A

None; no Vx

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42
Q

What off-label drugs are used for treating clinical neosporosis?

A

clindamycin; trimethoprim sulfadiazine with pyrimethamine

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43
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hammondia?

A

must be distinguished from toxoplasma, neospora

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44
Q

What differentiates Hammondia from Neospora and Toxoplasma?

A

non-pathogenic, no extra-intestinal stage in DH, infects IH ONLY via ingestion of oocysts, infects DH ONLY via ingestion of tissue cysts

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45
Q

Hammondia heydorni DH? IH?

A

dogs, coyotes; herbivores

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46
Q

Hammondia hammondi DH? IH?

A

cat; mammals, birds

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47
Q

Hammondia site of infections for DH? IH?

A

DH: intestinal tract only
IH: throughout entire body

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48
Q

List the species that sporulate outside the host (5):

A

T. gondii, Hammondia, Isospora, Eimeria, Neospora

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49
Q

How many sporocysts does the Hammondia oocyst have? Sprozoites?

A

2 sporocysts; 4 sporozoites

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50
Q

In Sarcocystis spp., what is the definitive host and the intermediate host (think generally)?

A

predator - DH; prey - IH

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51
Q

Do Sarcocystis spp. have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

indirect

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52
Q

What is the PPP of Sarcocystis in the DH?

A

7-14 days

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53
Q

What kind of reproduction occurs in the DH of Sarcocystis spp?

A

sexual - gametogony

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54
Q

What kind of reproduction occurs in the IH of Sarcocystis spp?

A

asexual - merogony

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55
Q

List the DH for Sarcocystis cruzi:

A

dogs, wolves, coyotes, raccoons, foxes, hyenas

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56
Q

List the IH for Sarcocystis cruzi:

A

cattle, ox, bison

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57
Q

What is the infective stage of S. cruzi to the DH:

A

sarcocyst (with bradyzoites)

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58
Q

What is the infective stage of S. cruzi to the IH:

A

oocyst/sporocysts

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59
Q

What is the route of infection of S. cruzi for the DH?

A

ingestion of tissue cyst (sarcocyst) containing bradyzoites

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60
Q

What is the route of infection of S. cruzi for the intermediate host?

A

ingestion of oocysts/sporocysts in environment

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61
Q

S. cruzi site of infection DH:

A

intestinal tract

62
Q

S. cruzi site of infection IH:

A

extraintestinal - heart, skeletal muscle, tongue, esophagus, diaphragm

63
Q

In its DH, S. cruzi is:

A

asymptomatic, no immunity

64
Q

The clinical symptoms of S. cruzi in its IH are:

A

acute, anorexia, pyrexia, anemia, weight loss, abortion in final trimester

65
Q

Diagnosing S. cruzi in IH is done using:

A
  • clinical signs
  • presence of sarcocyst on histology (up to 1 cm long, cylindrical)
  • antibody detection
66
Q

Diagnosing S. cruzi in DH is done using:

A
  • sporocysts/oocysts on fecal float (normally JUST the free sporocysts)
  • oocyst is approx. double the sporocyst size
67
Q

Treatment of S. cruzi in the IH is:

A

prophylactc (amprolium, salinomycin, deccox, monensis, stenoral)

68
Q

Control Measures against S. cruzi (4):

A
  1. predator/prey control
  2. avoid fecal contamination by carnivores
  3. avoid feeding dogs uncooked meat
  4. bury or incinerate dead livestock
69
Q

What is the DH for S. neurona?

A

opossums

70
Q

What are the IH for S. neurona?

A

armadillo, raccoon, cat, skunk, etc.

71
Q

What is the AH for S. neurona?

A

horse

72
Q

An agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM):

A

Sarcocystis neurona

73
Q

What stage of the S. neurona lifecycle is infective to the DH?

A

sarcocyst (with bradyzoites) in an intermediate host

74
Q

What stage of the S. neurona life cycle is infective to the IH?

A

sporocyst, oocyst

75
Q

What stage of the S. neurona life cycle is infective to the AH?

A

sporocyst, oocyst

76
Q

What is the site of infection for S. neurona in the DH?

A

intestinal tract

77
Q

What is the site of infection for S. neurona in the IH?

A

skeletal muscle, tongue

78
Q

What is the site of infection for S. neurona in the AH (horse)?

A

CNS

79
Q

What are the clinical signs for the DH and IH of S. neurona?

A

none; asymptomatic

80
Q

How do you diagnose S. neurona in the DH?

A

oocyst/sporocysts on fecal flotation

81
Q

How do you diagnose S. neurona in the IH?

A

sarcocyst on histology, IFA. PCR

82
Q

Describe the pathology for S. neurona in horses (AH):

A

gross lesion confined to neural tissue, histologically

83
Q

What are the rule outs for S. neurona in horses (7)?

A

Neospora hughesi, equine herpes virus, lyme disease, west nile virus, cushing disease, Se deficiency, orthopedic lameness

84
Q

How do you diagnose EPM in a horse (S. neurona)?

A

complete neurologic exam, equine CSF/blood tests (western blot, pcr, ifat, elisa)

85
Q

What is the problem with diagnosing S. neurona in horses?

A

can’t reproduce, varies widely, and the organism is difficult to detect

86
Q

What are the FDA approved drugs for treating S. neurona EPM?

A

ponazuril, diclazuril, combo sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

87
Q

Can relapses occur with S. neurone EPM?

A

yes

88
Q

How do you control S. neurona EPM?

A

protect feed/water sources from opossum

reduce road-kill around farm

89
Q

When are horses at increased risk for S. neurona?

A

summer, spring, fall; presence of opossum/wooded areas, age, stress

90
Q

How to prevent Sarcocystis spp. infections in humans?

A

cook meat thoroughly, avoid fecal contamination of water/food

91
Q

How do humans get Sarcocystis hominis infections?

A

beef with sarcocysts

92
Q

How do humans get Sarcocystis suihominis infections?

A

pork with sarcocysts

93
Q

Site of Cryptosporidium spp.

A

primarily GI (but can be seen in resp. tract; bursa/proventriculus of birds)

94
Q

Do Cryptosporidium spp. have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

direct

95
Q

What is the infective stage of Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

sporulated oocyst

96
Q

Where do Cryptosporidium spp. sporulate?

A

within the host

97
Q

What are the routes of infection for Cryptosporidium spp.?

A

fecal-oral, autoinfection

98
Q

How is Cryptosporidium transferred?

A

contaminated water/feed, aerosol, mechanical transport

99
Q

What is the PPP for Cryptosporidium spp?

A

1 week of less

100
Q

What is the PPP for Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

3-6 days

101
Q

Common cause in intestinal disease in neonatal ruminants (1-4 weeks old):

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

102
Q

C. parvum site of infection in cattle:

A

ileum

103
Q

C. parvum PPP in cattle:

A

3-6 days

104
Q

What is the Patent period of C. parvum in cattle?

A

1-2 weeks (self-limiting)

105
Q

Clinical signs of C. parvum in cattle (3):

A

diarrhea, depression, anorexia

106
Q

Pathology of C. parvum in cattle (5):

A

loss of epithelial cells, villus atrophy, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, impaired nutrient digestion, absorption

107
Q

Mature cattle site of infection for C. andersoni:

A

abomasum

108
Q

Are there any clinical signs associated with Cryptosporidium andersoni in mature cattle?

A

no

109
Q

Abomasal pathology of C. andersoni (4):

A

dilation of peptic glands, hypertrophy of gastric mucosa, thinning of epithelium, impaired protein digestion

110
Q

Cryptosporidium species typically seen in puppies <6 months old:

A

canis

111
Q

What’s are 2 similarities between C. canis and C. felis

A

both are rarely associated with disease; diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss

112
Q

For Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosis, what do you use to detect oocysts (4)?

A

sugar float, modified acid fast, fluorescent antibody test, PCR

113
Q

Cryptosporidium oocyst morphology:

A

4-6 um, no sporocyst, 4 sporozoites, sporulates in host

114
Q

Cryptosporidium treatment:

A

No efficacious tx, fluid & electrolyte replacement (maintenance)

115
Q

Cryptosporidium control:

A

management strategies, clean up environment (formaldehyde & chlorine solutions, steam cleaning, dilute with washing, dessication)

116
Q

Which Cryptosporidium species infect birds?

A

meleagridis (turkeys, humans), baileyi (poultry), galli (finches, chickens)

117
Q

Hammondia oocysts have the same size range as what two other protozoans?

A

toxoplasma, neospora

118
Q

What is the PPP for Hammondia?

A

1 week

119
Q

How long is Hammondia patent for?

A

1-2 weeks

120
Q

What is the DH for Neospora hughesi?

A

unkown

121
Q

What is the IH for Neospora hughesi?

A

horse

122
Q

How is N. hughesi transmitted?

A

transplacental

123
Q

What are two cutaneous Leishmaniasis diseases?

A

tropica, Mexicana (& braziliensis)

124
Q

What are the two visceral forms of Leishmaniasis?

A

donovani complex, infantum (U.S. foxhounds)

125
Q

What is the vector for the Leishmania spp.?

A

sand flies

126
Q

Vertebrate host for L. infantum in the U.S.:

A

foxhounds (endemic in many kennels)

127
Q

Insect vector for L. infantum in US:

A

None identified

128
Q

Reservoir host for L. infantum in US:

A

dogs

129
Q

Transmission routes between dogs for L. infantum in the US:

A

direct vertical & horizontal (biting, behavioral, reused needles, venereally, transfusions, etc.)

130
Q

First clinical signs of canine leishmaniasis:

A

facial alopecia, nodular skin lesion/ulcers

131
Q

What is the PPP for canine leishmaniasis?

A

can be a very quick onset or prolonged

132
Q

Serology for canine leishmaniasis:

A

IFA, ELISA, K-39-immunoassay

133
Q

Staining locations to look for Canine leishmaniasis amastigotes:

A

bone marrow, lymph node aspirates, blood, touch preps

134
Q

Detecting leishmaniasis in other hosts:

A

sand fly vector: promastigotes

135
Q

What’s the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

triatomine insect (nose/kissing bug)

136
Q

The triatoma spp. was reported positive for what protozoa in the U.S.?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

137
Q

T. cruzi life cycle stages:

A

single, large mitochondria (kinetoplast), undulating membrane & single nucleus

138
Q

What two morphologies can T. cruzi be?

A

either elongate with a single flagellum or rounded with a short, nonprotruding flagellum

139
Q

Route of infection for triatomine insect:

A

ingest trypomastigotes in triatomine feces enter wound/mucosal membrane

140
Q

Routes of infection for vertebrate host of T. cruzi:

A
  1. via triatomine insect vector
  2. transplacental
  3. blood (transfusion, needles; organ transplant)
141
Q

Confirmed (cultured) vertebrate hosts for T. cruzi:

A

dogs, opossums, wood rats, armadillos, raccons, mice, squirrels, grey fox

142
Q

Seropositive vertebrate hosts for T. cruzi:

A

cats, moles, bats, feral hogs, bobcat, badger, coyotes, wild mice species

143
Q

Dogs are a reservoir host for T. cruzi and are typically:

A

asymptomatic

144
Q

Acute Chagas disease clinical signs in dogs:

A

10-30d; fever, anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy, enlarged organs, cardiac dysfunction, death

145
Q

Chronic Chagas disease clinical signs in dogs:

A

eventual congestive heart failure

146
Q

Latent Chagas disease clinical signs in dogs:

A

asymptomatic, low level infection, lasts for years

147
Q

Can cats get Chagas disease?

A

yes, but extremely rare

148
Q

How do you identify T. cruzi in blood smears?

A

giemsa stain: trypomastigotes (C-shape)

149
Q

What methods of diagnostics can you use for T. cruzi?

A

blood smear, histo, culture (blood), serology

150
Q

What’s often seen in chagas histology/biopsy?

A

amastigotes in cardiac tissue

Parasitology (13 decks)

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