Unit 2 - Ticks and Tick-Related Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three families of ticks under the Order Parasitiformes?
A
Argasidae, Ixodidae, (Nuttalliellidae)
2
Q
How many legs do insects have?
A
3 pairs (6)
3
Q
How many legs do arachnids have?
A
4 pairs (8)
4
Q
Do insects have antennae? What about arachnids?
A
yes; no
5
Q
Do insects have wings? What about arachnids?
A
Insects both can and cannot have wings (dependent on species); Arachnids do not have wings
6
Q
What are some key features for identifying ticks?
A
anal groove, length of mouthparts, shape of base of mouthparts, and presence of “eyes”
7
Q
How many legs do tick larva have?
A
6
8
Q
How many legs do tick nymphs have?
A
8
9
Q
Do adult male ticks have a complete scrotum? females?
A
Males - yes; Females - no
10
Q
What’s bacterial agent causes granulocytic anaplasmosis?
A
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
11
Q
What tick species are the vectors for granulocytic anaplasmosis?
A
Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus
12
Q
What bacterial agent causes bovine anaplasmosis?
A
Anaplasma marginale
13
Q
Which tick species acts as a vector for bovine anaplasmosis?
A
Dermacentor andersoni
14
Q
What is the geographical distribution of bovine anaplasmosis?
A
western U.S. (eastern for biting fly)
15
Q
What is the bacterial agent that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
A
Rickettsia rickettsii
16
Q
Which tick species are the vectors for RMSF?
A
D. variabilis, D. andersoni
17
Q
What is the geographical distribution of RMSF?
A
SW U.S.
18
Q
What is the direct host for H. americanum?
A
Tick - Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick)
19
Q
What is the intermediate host for H. american?
A
Canids
20
Q
What is the PH for H. americanum?
A
Rodents, rabbits
21
Q
List the clinical signs of H. americanum:
A
- fever
- weakness
- chronic wt. loss
- depression
- muscle atrophy
- pain
- gait abnormalities
- mucopurulent ocular discharge
22
Q
What is the geographical range for H. americanum?
A
southern U.S., central and south America
23
Q
What is the DH for H. canis?
A
Tick - Rhipicephalus sanguinus (Brown Dog Tick)
24
Q
What is the IH for H. canis?
A
canids
25
What is the PH for H. canis?
rodents
26
How long PI does it take to see the clinical signs of H. americanum?
4-5 wks PI
27
What are the clinical signs of H. canis?
mild (fever, lethargy, emaciation), often no symptoms at all
28
What is the geographical range of H. canis?
old world only
29
What is the significance of hepatozoonosis?
ingestion of tick vector!
30
What is the DH for Cytauxzoon felis?
```
Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)
Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog tick)
```
31
What is the IH for Cytauxzoon felis?
felids
32
What is the reservoir animal for C. felis?
Lynx rufus
33
What are the clinical signs of C. felis?
lethargy/depression, icterus, high fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
34
What is the geographical range of C. felis?
SE, South-Central, and Mid-Atlantic U.S.
35
What are the acute clinical signs of Theileria equi?
fever, inappetence, labored breathing, anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, hemorrhages on conjunctiva, abortion
36
What are the chronic clinical signs of Theileria equi?
subtle
37
What is the DH of T. equi?
14 total tick species (Dermacentor, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus)
38
What is the IH of T. equi?
equids (REPORTABLE)
39
Eradicated in the U.S. in the 1980's until an outbreak occurred in 2008:
Theileria equi
40
How is babesia transmitted to the host generally?
infected tick transmits sporozoites to vertebrate host via tick saliva
41
What is the DH for B. canis vogeli?
tick - Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick); D. variabilis
42
What is the geographical range for Babesia canis vogelii?
enzoonotic in U.S., especially south
43
What is the IH for Babesia gibsoni in the U.S.?
American staffordshire and pit bull terries
44
What is the DH for B. gibsoni?
tick - R. sanguineus
45
What are the clinical signs of canine babesiosis?
- can be subclinical
- lethary; fever; anemia --> pallor; jaundice
- splenomegaly
46
Which is more pathogenic: small babesia or large babesia?
small
47
What is the DH for Babesia bovis?
R. microplus, R. annulatus
48
What is the significance of B. bovis in the U.S.?
Eradicated in 1943, Reportable!
49
What is the IH for B. bovis?
Cattle, other ruminants
50
What are the clinical signs for B. bovis?
fever, hemolytic anemia, severe multisystemic signs
51
B caballi has the same DH, IH, and clinical signs as:
Theirleria equi
52
B bigemina has the same DH, IH, and clinical signs as:
B. bovis
53
What is the etiology for Lyme?
Borrelia burgdorferi
54
Which tick species transmit lyme (B. burgdorferi)?
Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus
55
What is the geographic distribution for lyme?
- NE to central U.S.
- pacific coast
- less common in southern and midwestern U.S.
56
What is the etiology for tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
57
Which tick species transmit tularemia?
D. variabilis, D. andersoni, A. americanum
58
What is the geographic distribution of tularemia?
Central U.S.
59
What is the etiology for tropical canine pancytopenia (CME)?
Ehrlichia canis
60
Which tick species transmit tropical canine pancytopenia?
R. sanguineus, D. variabilis
61
What is the geographic distribution for tropical canine pancytopenia?
tropics
62
What is the etiology for canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis?
Ehrlichia ewingii
63
What tick species transmits canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis?
Amblyomma americanum
64
What is the etiology for heart water?
Ehrlichia ruminatum
65
Which tick species transmit heartwater?
Amblyomma spp. where endemic
66
What is the geographic distribution of heartwater?
sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean
67
What is the etiology for canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?
Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) platys
68
What is the tick species that transmits Canine Cyclic Thrombocytopenia?
R. sanguineus
69
What is the other name for tick-borne encephalitis?
Powassan encephalitis
70
What is the vector for tick-borne encephalitis?
Ixodes spp.
71
What species are clinically affected by tick-borne encephalitis?
humans; domestic animals?
72
What is the geographic distribution of tick-borne encephalitis?
mainly midwestern, NE U.S., Canada
73
What is the other name for tick-borne hemorrhagic disease?
Nairobi sheep disease
74
What is the vector for tick-borne hemorrhagic disease?
various hard tick species
75
What are the clinical signs of Nairobi sheep disease?
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in small ruminants
76
What is the geographic location for tick-borne hemorrhagic disease?
Africa; Asia (FAD)
77
What is the tick vector for African Swine Fever?
Ornithodoros
78
What does African swine fever cause?
systemic hemorrhagic disease
79
What is the asymptomatic reservoir for African swine fever?
warthogs (among others)
80
What is the geographic distribution of African swine fever?
Africa (Foreign animal disease - FAD)
81
What species does Colorado tick fever affect?
humans
82
Etiology of tick bites:
all ticks can cause disease just by their bite (extent may vary)
83
What is the clinical presentation of tick bites?
- pain and inflammation at site
| - possible complications (anemia, 2 inf., "tick worry")
84
What is the treatment for tick bite?
manual removal vs. acaricide
85
What is the prevention method for tick bite?
year-round control
86
Which tick species are most important in US for tick paralysis?
- Argasid "soft" ticks (e.g. Argas persicus)
| - Ixodid "hard" ticks (e.g. D. variabilis, A. maculatum, A. americanum)
87
What is the pathogenesis of tick paralysis?
acute asccending flaccid paralysis
88
Mechanical vs. Biological, which is used by tick vectors?
biological (most VBDs)
89
If a larva gets infected by its first meal, it will always be infected (most likely)
transstadial
90
Adult female infected either from a previous or first blood meal, she can transmit it to her eggs (vertical)
transovarial
91
Black-legged tick
Ixodes scapularis
92
I. scapularis geographic distribution:
Eastern US
93
Immature I. scapularis host preference:
rodents, birds lizards
94
Adult I scapularis host preference:
white-tailed deer, livestock
95
Lone-star tick
Amblyomma americanum
96
A. americanum geographic distribution:
eastern, central, southern US
97
A. american host range:
wide host range but prefer white-tailed deer
98
Gulf Coast Tick
A. maculatum
99
A. maculatum geographic distribution:
central, eastern, southern US
100
Immature A. maculatum hosts:
birds, small mammals
101
adult A. maculatum preferred host:
cattle
102
American dog tick
D. variabilis
103
D. variabilis geographic distribution:
central and eastern US; west coast (california)
104
Immature D. variabilis host:
prefer rodents
105
Adult D. variabilis host preference:
canine
106
Rocky Mtn Wood Tick
D. andersoni
107
D. andersoni geographic distribution:
western US
108
Immature D. andersoni host preference:
rodents
109
Adult D. andersoni host preference:
deer, sheep, cattle, etc.
110
Brown Dog Tick
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
111
R. sanguineus geographic distribution:
doesn't like cold...
112
Host preference for R. sanguineus:
dogs (narrow range)
113
Cattle Fever Tick
R. annulatus
114
Name the two tick species eradicated from the US:
R. annulatus, R. microplus
115
Host preference for R. annulatus:
cattle
116
Southern Cattle Fever Tick
R. microplus
117
Host preference for R. microplus:
wide host range
118
Number of nymphal stages for soft ticks?
greater than or equal to 2
119
Number of numphal stages for hard ticks?
1
120
How many times do hard ticks feed?
One-host, single feeding (~1 week)
121
How many times do hard tick females oviposit?
single, large egg batch
122
How many times do soft ticks oviposit?
multiple small egg batches
123
How many times do soft ticks feed?
multiple, quick feedings
124
Host preference for Argas:
mainly birds and bats
125
Morphology of Argas:
- leathery cuticle
| - flat body margin "suture line"
126
Host preference for Ornithodoros:
mainly mammals
127
Morphology of Ornithodoros:
- leathery cuticle
| - rounder body margin "no suture line"
128
Host preference for Otobius megnini:
cattle, horses
129
Morphology of Otobius megnini:
nymphal tegument, spiny
130
List the soft tick species:
Argas, Ornithodors, Otobius
131
List the hard tick species:
Ixodes, Amblyomma, Dermacenter, Rhipicephalus
