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Parasitology > Unit 2 - Ticks and Tick-Related Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Ticks and Tick-Related Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three families of ticks under the Order Parasitiformes?

A

Argasidae, Ixodidae, (Nuttalliellidae)

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2
Q

How many legs do insects have?

A

3 pairs (6)

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3
Q

How many legs do arachnids have?

A

4 pairs (8)

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4
Q

Do insects have antennae? What about arachnids?

A

yes; no

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5
Q

Do insects have wings? What about arachnids?

A

Insects both can and cannot have wings (dependent on species); Arachnids do not have wings

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6
Q

What are some key features for identifying ticks?

A

anal groove, length of mouthparts, shape of base of mouthparts, and presence of “eyes”

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7
Q

How many legs do tick larva have?

A

6

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8
Q

How many legs do tick nymphs have?

A

8

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9
Q

Do adult male ticks have a complete scrotum? females?

A

Males - yes; Females - no

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10
Q

What’s bacterial agent causes granulocytic anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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11
Q

What tick species are the vectors for granulocytic anaplasmosis?

A

Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus

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12
Q

What bacterial agent causes bovine anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma marginale

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13
Q

Which tick species acts as a vector for bovine anaplasmosis?

A

Dermacentor andersoni

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14
Q

What is the geographical distribution of bovine anaplasmosis?

A

western U.S. (eastern for biting fly)

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15
Q

What is the bacterial agent that causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

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16
Q

Which tick species are the vectors for RMSF?

A

D. variabilis, D. andersoni

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17
Q

What is the geographical distribution of RMSF?

A

SW U.S.

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18
Q

What is the direct host for H. americanum?

A

Tick - Amblyomma maculatum (Gulf Coast Tick)

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19
Q

What is the intermediate host for H. american?

A

Canids

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20
Q

What is the PH for H. americanum?

A

Rodents, rabbits

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21
Q

List the clinical signs of H. americanum:

A
  • fever
  • weakness
  • chronic wt. loss
  • depression
  • muscle atrophy
  • pain
  • gait abnormalities
  • mucopurulent ocular discharge
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22
Q

What is the geographical range for H. americanum?

A

southern U.S., central and south America

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23
Q

What is the DH for H. canis?

A

Tick - Rhipicephalus sanguinus (Brown Dog Tick)

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24
Q

What is the IH for H. canis?

A

canids

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25
Q

What is the PH for H. canis?

A

rodents

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26
Q

How long PI does it take to see the clinical signs of H. americanum?

A

4-5 wks PI

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs of H. canis?

A

mild (fever, lethargy, emaciation), often no symptoms at all

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28
Q

What is the geographical range of H. canis?

A

old world only

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29
Q

What is the significance of hepatozoonosis?

A

ingestion of tick vector!

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30
Q

What is the DH for Cytauxzoon felis?

A 
Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick)
Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog tick)
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31
Q

What is the IH for Cytauxzoon felis?

A

felids

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32
Q

What is the reservoir animal for C. felis?

A

Lynx rufus

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33
Q

What are the clinical signs of C. felis?

A

lethargy/depression, icterus, high fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly

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34
Q

What is the geographical range of C. felis?

A

SE, South-Central, and Mid-Atlantic U.S.

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35
Q

What are the acute clinical signs of Theileria equi?

A

fever, inappetence, labored breathing, anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, hemorrhages on conjunctiva, abortion

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36
Q

What are the chronic clinical signs of Theileria equi?

A

subtle

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37
Q

What is the DH of T. equi?

A

14 total tick species (Dermacentor, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus)

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38
Q

What is the IH of T. equi?

A

equids (REPORTABLE)

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39
Q

Eradicated in the U.S. in the 1980’s until an outbreak occurred in 2008:

A

Theileria equi

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40
Q

How is babesia transmitted to the host generally?

A

infected tick transmits sporozoites to vertebrate host via tick saliva

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41
Q

What is the DH for B. canis vogeli?

A

tick - Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick); D. variabilis

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42
Q

What is the geographical range for Babesia canis vogelii?

A

enzoonotic in U.S., especially south

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43
Q

What is the IH for Babesia gibsoni in the U.S.?

A

American staffordshire and pit bull terries

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44
Q

What is the DH for B. gibsoni?

A

tick - R. sanguineus

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45
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine babesiosis?

A
  • can be subclinical
  • lethary; fever; anemia –> pallor; jaundice
  • splenomegaly
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46
Q

Which is more pathogenic: small babesia or large babesia?

A

small

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47
Q

What is the DH for Babesia bovis?

A

R. microplus, R. annulatus

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48
Q

What is the significance of B. bovis in the U.S.?

A

Eradicated in 1943, Reportable!

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49
Q

What is the IH for B. bovis?

A

Cattle, other ruminants

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50
Q

What are the clinical signs for B. bovis?

A

fever, hemolytic anemia, severe multisystemic signs

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51
Q

B caballi has the same DH, IH, and clinical signs as:

A

Theirleria equi

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52
Q

B bigemina has the same DH, IH, and clinical signs as:

A

B. bovis

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53
Q

What is the etiology for Lyme?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

54
Q

Which tick species transmit lyme (B. burgdorferi)?

A

Ixodes scapularis, I. pacificus

55
Q

What is the geographic distribution for lyme?

A
  • NE to central U.S.
  • pacific coast
  • less common in southern and midwestern U.S.
56
Q

What is the etiology for tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

57
Q

Which tick species transmit tularemia?

A

D. variabilis, D. andersoni, A. americanum

58
Q

What is the geographic distribution of tularemia?

A

Central U.S.

59
Q

What is the etiology for tropical canine pancytopenia (CME)?

A

Ehrlichia canis

60
Q

Which tick species transmit tropical canine pancytopenia?

A

R. sanguineus, D. variabilis

61
Q

What is the geographic distribution for tropical canine pancytopenia?

A

tropics

62
Q

What is the etiology for canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis?

A

Ehrlichia ewingii

63
Q

What tick species transmits canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis?

A

Amblyomma americanum

64
Q

What is the etiology for heart water?

A

Ehrlichia ruminatum

65
Q

Which tick species transmit heartwater?

A

Amblyomma spp. where endemic

66
Q

What is the geographic distribution of heartwater?

A

sub-Saharan Africa, Caribbean

67
Q

What is the etiology for canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?

A

Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) platys

68
Q

What is the tick species that transmits Canine Cyclic Thrombocytopenia?

A

R. sanguineus

69
Q

What is the other name for tick-borne encephalitis?

A

Powassan encephalitis

70
Q

What is the vector for tick-borne encephalitis?

A

Ixodes spp.

71
Q

What species are clinically affected by tick-borne encephalitis?

A

humans; domestic animals?

72
Q

What is the geographic distribution of tick-borne encephalitis?

A

mainly midwestern, NE U.S., Canada

73
Q

What is the other name for tick-borne hemorrhagic disease?

A

Nairobi sheep disease

74
Q

What is the vector for tick-borne hemorrhagic disease?

A

various hard tick species

75
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nairobi sheep disease?

A

hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in small ruminants

76
Q

What is the geographic location for tick-borne hemorrhagic disease?

A

Africa; Asia (FAD)

77
Q

What is the tick vector for African Swine Fever?

A

Ornithodoros

78
Q

What does African swine fever cause?

A

systemic hemorrhagic disease

79
Q

What is the asymptomatic reservoir for African swine fever?

A

warthogs (among others)

80
Q

What is the geographic distribution of African swine fever?

A

Africa (Foreign animal disease - FAD)

81
Q

What species does Colorado tick fever affect?

A

humans

82
Q

Etiology of tick bites:

A

all ticks can cause disease just by their bite (extent may vary)

83
Q

What is the clinical presentation of tick bites?

A
  • pain and inflammation at site

- possible complications (anemia, 2 inf., “tick worry”)

84
Q

What is the treatment for tick bite?

A

manual removal vs. acaricide

85
Q

What is the prevention method for tick bite?

A

year-round control

86
Q

Which tick species are most important in US for tick paralysis?

A
  • Argasid “soft” ticks (e.g. Argas persicus)

- Ixodid “hard” ticks (e.g. D. variabilis, A. maculatum, A. americanum)

87
Q

What is the pathogenesis of tick paralysis?

A

acute asccending flaccid paralysis

88
Q

Mechanical vs. Biological, which is used by tick vectors?

A

biological (most VBDs)

89
Q

If a larva gets infected by its first meal, it will always be infected (most likely)

A

transstadial

90
Q

Adult female infected either from a previous or first blood meal, she can transmit it to her eggs (vertical)

A

transovarial

91
Q

Black-legged tick

A

Ixodes scapularis

92
Q

I. scapularis geographic distribution:

A

Eastern US

93
Q

Immature I. scapularis host preference:

A

rodents, birds lizards

94
Q

Adult I scapularis host preference:

A

white-tailed deer, livestock

95
Q

Lone-star tick

A

Amblyomma americanum

96
Q

A. americanum geographic distribution:

A

eastern, central, southern US

97
Q

A. american host range:

A

wide host range but prefer white-tailed deer

98
Q

Gulf Coast Tick

A

A. maculatum

99
Q

A. maculatum geographic distribution:

A

central, eastern, southern US

100
Q

Immature A. maculatum hosts:

A

birds, small mammals

101
Q

adult A. maculatum preferred host:

A

cattle

102
Q

American dog tick

A

D. variabilis

103
Q

D. variabilis geographic distribution:

A

central and eastern US; west coast (california)

104
Q

Immature D. variabilis host:

A

prefer rodents

105
Q

Adult D. variabilis host preference:

A

canine

106
Q

Rocky Mtn Wood Tick

A

D. andersoni

107
Q

D. andersoni geographic distribution:

A

western US

108
Q

Immature D. andersoni host preference:

A

rodents

109
Q

Adult D. andersoni host preference:

A

deer, sheep, cattle, etc.

110
Q

Brown Dog Tick

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

111
Q

R. sanguineus geographic distribution:

A

doesn’t like cold…

112
Q

Host preference for R. sanguineus:

A

dogs (narrow range)

113
Q

Cattle Fever Tick

A

R. annulatus

114
Q

Name the two tick species eradicated from the US:

A

R. annulatus, R. microplus

115
Q

Host preference for R. annulatus:

A

cattle

116
Q

Southern Cattle Fever Tick

A

R. microplus

117
Q

Host preference for R. microplus:

A

wide host range

118
Q

Number of nymphal stages for soft ticks?

A

greater than or equal to 2

119
Q

Number of numphal stages for hard ticks?

A

1

120
Q

How many times do hard ticks feed?

A

One-host, single feeding (~1 week)

121
Q

How many times do hard tick females oviposit?

A

single, large egg batch

122
Q

How many times do soft ticks oviposit?

A

multiple small egg batches

123
Q

How many times do soft ticks feed?

A

multiple, quick feedings

124
Q

Host preference for Argas:

A

mainly birds and bats

125
Q

Morphology of Argas:

A
  • leathery cuticle

- flat body margin “suture line”

126
Q

Host preference for Ornithodoros:

A

mainly mammals

127
Q

Morphology of Ornithodoros:

A
  • leathery cuticle

- rounder body margin “no suture line”

128
Q

Host preference for Otobius megnini:

A

cattle, horses

129
Q

Morphology of Otobius megnini:

A

nymphal tegument, spiny

130
Q

List the soft tick species:

A

Argas, Ornithodors, Otobius

131
Q

List the hard tick species:

A

Ixodes, Amblyomma, Dermacenter, Rhipicephalus

Parasitology (13 decks)

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