Unit 4 Study Guide Flashcards
Name organs of respiratory tract.
Nasal cavity (nasal conche), sinus cavities, Pharynx, Nasopharynx, Larynx, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, vocal ligaments/folds, traches, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Trace the path that a molecule of carbon dioxide would follow as it traveled from the cell (that’s where it is produced) to the external atmosphere.
Organ –> capillaries –> vein –> vena cava –> right atrium –> mitral valve (tricuspid/right av) –> right ventricle –> pulmonic semilunar valve –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> alveoli –> oxygen enters blood, carbon dioxide leaves –> bronchiole –> bronchi –> trachea –> larynx –> pharynx –> nasal cavity/oral cavity.
Explain how respiration rate is controlled.
Homeostasis disturbed (increased arterial PCO2 (hypercapnia)) -> stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors (increased PCO2, decreased pH in CSF) -> Stimulation CSF chemoreceptors at medullar oblongata -> Action potential propagation triggered along phrenic nerve -> Contraction of diaphragm -> Increased respiration rate -> Increased elimination of CO2 alveoli -> Normal arterial CO2 -> Homeostasis restored.
The respiratory membrane consists of________. What is surfactant and its function?
Fluid and surfactant
a. Surfactant is a lipoprotein.
b. Surfactant reduces surface tension of fluid coating or epithelium.
What structure prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing?
The epiglottis prevents from entering the airway during swallowing.
Explain how lungs are protected from pathogens in the air.
Mucus protects the lungs from most inhaled foreign particles (pathogens in the air).
Explain how air moves into the lungs.
Air enters the nasal cavity, travels to the nasopharynx, continues to the oropharynx, then the laryngopharynx, into the larynx, there it travels to the trachea, and then primary bronchi, which go into the lungs, and branch until reaching the alveoli.
Microorganisms that are removed by mucus are destroyed by the
Stomach
When the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the lungs will
decrease
The percentage of oxygen dissolved in plasma is _____ the percentage of oxygen transported as oxyhemoglobin
less than
As plasma pH decreases, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
decrease
As plasma pH decreases, hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
decrease
Which of the following would have the highest pressure of O2 (concentration of oxygen)?
Blood in a pulmonary vein
An increase in sympathetic nervous system activity will cause the diameter of bronchiole to
increase
Cells of the gastric mucosa and their functions.
a. Parietal cells = hydrochloric acid (HCL)
b. Globet cells (mucous) = gastric surfactant
c. Chief cells = pepsinogen
Role of hydrochloric acid in digestion and regulation of HCl acid production.
a. Denaturization of protein
b. Protection against bacteria
c. Activates pepsinogen.
Digestive system organs
Oral cavity, Teeth, Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Accessory organs
Salivary glands
Livermgallbladder
Pancreas
Oral Cavity, Teeth, Tongue
Mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions.
Pharynx
Muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus
Esophagus
Transport of materials to the stomach
Stomach
- Chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions
Small Intestine
Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
Large Intestine
Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
Salivary glands
Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates
Liver
Secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions
Gallbladder
storage and concentration of bile
Pancreas
Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones
Functions of the pancreas
a. Endocrine and exocrine functions
b. Produces and releases pancreatic juice.
c. Responds to secretin and CCK
Liver structure and functions. Role of bile in lipid digestion. Blood flow through the liver.
a. Hexagonal lobules
b. Produce, collect, and drain bile
c. Receives oxygenated blood through common hepatic arterion
d. Receives all digestive blood (hepatic portal blood)
e. Controls blood glucose
Liver functions
Organs of urinary system.
a. Kidney
b. Ureter
c. Urinary bladder
d. Urethra
List all functions of the kidneys.
a. Eliminate waste products of metabolism
b. Regulate water and electrolyte balance
c. Long term blood pressure regulation
d. Acid-base balance
e. Erythrocyte regulation – secretion of erythropoietin
f. Calcium balance
Normal and abnormal components of urine.
a. Urea, water, sodium
b. Abnormal glucose and protein and blood
Explain how glomerular filtration rate is regulated.
a. Autoregulation: decreased GFR – dilation of afferent arterioles/contraction of mesangial cells/constriction of efferent arterioles – increased glomerular blood pressure
b. Renin-angiotensin system: endocrine method releases renin from juxtaglomerular cells- triggers angiotensin I and II
c. Release of natriuretic hormones increases
Renin production increases when blood flow to the kidney
decrease
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, amount of urine
increase
With increased production of aldosterone loss of potassium with urine
increase
Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole of the renal corpuscle ________________ (increases, decreases, stay the same) glomerular filtration rate.
decreases
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System.
Review long term blood pressure regulation by the kidney. Don’t forget ADH!
Answer following questions:
Nephron: structure and function. Process of urine formation. Filtration and reabsorption. Glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures:
a. Composed of a renal corpuscle and renal tubule
b. Glomerular filtration – tubular reabsorption – tubular secretion
c. Filtration- movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space: reabsorption- the movement form the tubular fluid back into the blood.
d. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure: Blood colloid osmotic pressure: Capsular hydrostatic pressure
