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health and social care > unit 4 lo5 > Flashcards

unit 4 lo5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves ?

A

Sympathetic nerves activate function and parasympathetic does the opposite by suppressing less important activites and restoring the body to its normal resting state.

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2
Q

What are some examples of the roles of the parasympathetic nerves?

A

Constricts pupils in eyes
slows heartbeat
constricts the bronchi
constricts the bladder

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3
Q

what are some examples of the roles of the sympathetic nerves

A

dialates pupils
activates heart beat
dialates bronchi
relaxes the bladder

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4
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

it is the control centre for the body
it consists of the brain and spinal cord
the spinal cord connects the brain by long lines of indvidual nerves cells

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5
Q

what are peripheral nerves ?

A

they travel to and from our skin and muscles

theres nerves contain two types of nerve cells, sensory neurones and motor neurones

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6
Q

what is the difference between sensory neurones and motor neurones ?

A

sensory -carry messages from the sense organs such as eyes and ears
motor-carry messages from the muscle to the brain

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls and regualates processes such as heart rate and gut movements
These actions are automatic / unconsiously controlled

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8
Q

what is a dendrite?

A

Receive electrical impulses (neurotransmitters) as information enters the dendrites and passes along the axon to the synapse

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9
Q

what is the axon ?

A

Axons are the long part of the nerve cells which impulses are conducted along
The axon is wrapped in myelin which is like insulation
this means the nerve impulse is protected from interuption and travels faster.

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10
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between one neurone and the next. The synapse vessels rupture and send the neurotransmitter across the synaptic gap to the receptor site on the next dendrite on the next neurone

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11
Q

What does contralateral control mean?

A

the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side controls the right side

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11
Q

What does localisation mean?

A

different parts of the brain are responsible for particular functions

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11
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

(outer layer of the brain)

responsible for cognitive awareness and processing sensory information from the body for example swallowing and hearing

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11
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

emotions, descison making, conscience and memory

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11
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

(at the back)
co ordinates and regulates muscle activity for example fine motor skills like writing and walking. Also accounts for balance and memory for the rapid repetition of learnt actions such as playing an intstrument.

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12
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

connects the nervous systemto the endorcrine system so it is the part of the brain that tells the glands which hormones to secrete and when to do it. Temperature regulation.

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13
Q

what is the role of the medulla ?

A

brain stem at the base of the brain and is also responsible for functions controlled by the autonomic ns like heart rate, breathing and blood pressure.

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14
Q

What is the role of the meninges ?

A

three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. Filled with spinal fluid and helps protect the soft tissue of the brain

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15
Q

What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?

A

An auto immune condition where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve cells. The attacked sections of the nerve tissue are replaced by scar tissue which prevents effective nerve transmission and leaves leisons or plaque.
This distrupts messages travelling

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16
Q

what are the effects of multiple sclerosis ?

A 
tingling sensation
numbness
affected vision
simple tasks become impossible
fatigue
balance
loss of co ordination
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17
Q

what are the risk factors of multiple sclerosis ?

A 
female
living further away from the equator
likely to be linked to lack of vitamin D
some family history
virus may be inivolved
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18
Q

how is multiple sclerosis diagnosed/monitored?

A

reacurring symptoms (2 episodes)
mri scan x2 to look for leisions and how they change over time
lumbar puncture- spinal fluids are taken by a needle from the spine. Local aenesthetic can be used and they look for anti bodies and immune cells
(shows that the immune system is attacking the myelin sheath)

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19
Q

what are the life style impacts of multiple sclerosis?

A

pain can impact sleep
job could be impacted by doctors appointments
embarassed about lack of co ordination
fatigue and appointments could mean missing social events
socially isolated
anxious about falling due to lack of balance
driving adaptations

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20
Q

what are the care needs for multiple sclerosis?

A 
support with daily living tasks
appropriate exercise
adapted care
speech and language therapy
aids like walking stick
stair lift
walk in shower
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21
Q

what are some of the treatments for multiple sclerosis ?

A

-relapses are treated with steroids to speed up recovery
-disease modifying therapies-reducing the amount of damage and scarring to the myelin sheath which reduces frequency of relapse
-physiotherapy- improves muscle spasms and stiffness
-vestibular rehabilitation- helps control balance and dizziness by doing exercises
anti depressents
eye specialists
speech and language therapies

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22
Q

what is an ischemic stroke?

A

caused by a blood clot or piece of fatty material blocking the blood flow. Results in lack of oxygen being supplied to that part of the brain and cells in that area die which means function is lost.

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23
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

walls of a blood vessel in the brain weaken and burst causing a bleed. Oxygen doesnt get to where it needs to go

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24
Q

what is transient ischemic attrack?

A

mini stroke which may go unnoticed

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25
Q

what are the risk factors for a stroke?

A 
smoking 
having high cholesteral 
being obese 
age 
female (lack of oestrogen)
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26
Q

what are the symptoms\ effects of a stroke?

A 
drooped face
difficulty swallowing
memory loss
depression and angry outbursts 
mobility issues
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27
Q

what is thrombolysis ? (clot busting)

A

ischaemic strokes are often treated with medicine that dissolves blood clots and restore blood flow to the brain
not recomended if more than 4.5 hours have passed
important a brain scan is done first to check it is an ischaemic stroke and not an hemmorage one

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28
Q

why are aspirin and anit plates used to treat strokes?

A

reduces the chance of another clot forming

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29
Q

what are anticoagulants ?

A

change the chemical composition of the blood to prevent new blood clots in the future
do have issues with stopping bleeding if they cut themsleves

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30
Q

what role do physiotherapists do in recovering from a stroke?

A

focus on areas such as exercises to improve muscle strength and any walking difficulties
create a treatment plan

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31
Q

what role do occupational therapists play?

A

may involve adapting your home or using equipment to help makke daily living tasks easier
walk in bath
stair lift

32
Q

what role to speech therapists play in recovering from a stroke?

A

exercise to improve muscle control for speech muscles
using communication aids such as letter charts
using geastures or writing
help manage swallowing prolems

33
Q

what are the care needs for someone whos had a stroke?

A

mobility scooter
driving aids
help with general hygiene up keep
help with getting dressed

34
Q

what lifestyle changes could someone expect if they have had a stroke?

A

communication challanges- photo cards and difficulty organising thoughts
paralyzed body parts- no longer being as independant
missing memory phsycological impacts (deoression anxiety about it happening again)
limited employment

35
Q

pitutary gland

A

mother gland (controls the functioning of the other glands)
growth hormone to regulate growth
located in the nose

36
Q

thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine hormone
controls the metabolism rate and brings about balanced growth
located in the neck

37
Q

adrenal gland

A

adrenaline
prepares body for emergency
located above kidneys

38
Q

pancreas

A

insulin hormone

controls glucose level of the blood

39
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune condtion where the immune system attacks itself
the beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin stop working
so glucose cannot be moved out of your blood stream into your cells

40
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

when the pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin to function properly or the bodys cells dont react to insulin
this means glucose stays in the blood and isnt used for energy
the cells become tolerant to insulin

41
Q

what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

obesity and older people

42
Q

what are the symptoms for diabetes

A 
feeling very thirsty
weeing more than usual
feeling very tired
loosing weight without trying
blurred vision
cuts and scars that arent healing
43
Q

how can diabetes be monitored

A

monitor glucose levels with blood tests (finger prick)
eye screening anually
insulin levels monitored
foot health monitored for ulcers
check for infections
blood pressure, cholesteral, and kidney infection as it can damage blood vessels

44
Q

how can diabetes be treated

A

injection of insulin multiple times a day either manually or by pump inserted under skin
type 2: tablets called metformin to lower glucose can cause stomach upset

45
Q

what are the care needs for someone with diabetes

A 
healthy balanced diet
exercise
maintain a healthy weight 
alchohol is more likely to make you hypo
emotional support
46
Q

lifestyle adaptations for someone with diabetes

A

if you need to drive you must check your blood glucose no longer than two hours begore driving
check every two hours if long journey and pack sugary snacks
constnalty monitoring

47
Q

where is the liver located

A

on the right side of the body underneath the diaphragm

48
Q

what is deamination in the liver

A

the body cannot store excess protein so has to get rid of it by breaking it down
proteins are digested and turned into amino acids
a chemical reaction removes hydrogen and nitrogen from amino acids
this leaves ammonia which is toxic and is removed from the body in urea

49
Q

what is detoxification in the liver

A

the liver removes poisons like alcohol from the liver by breaking them down into harmless components

50
Q

what role does the liver play in the production of bile

A

the liver produces bile which allows the liver to remove some poisonous bi product from motabilism
liver cells break down and recycle red blood cells
as the hemoglobin from the red blood cells is recycled two poisonous chemicals are produced
billiverdin and bilirubin which pass out of the body

51
Q

what is cirrhosis of the liver

A

when the liver cells become damaged and scar tissue forms. This distrupts bile production, bile builds up and is released into the blood which distrupts the production of protiens

52
Q

how can alcohol related liver disease cause cirrhosis of the liver

A

scarring of the liver from continous liver damage

scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver working properly

53
Q

how can non alcohlic fatty liver disease cause cirhosis of the liver

A

build up of fat in the liver cells

liver can become inflamed leading to scar tissue forming and then cirrhosis

54
Q

what is heamochromatosis

A

a faulty gene allows the body to absorb excess amounts of iron from food.
the iron builds up and is deposited in the liver

55
Q

how is cirrhosis of the liver diagnosed

A

biopsy- needle is inserted into the liver and a small piece is removed and examined
endoscopy - a tube with a light and camera at the end is passed down the throat to identify swollen veins

56
Q

what are the effects of cirrhosis

A 
tired and weak
sickness
loss of appetite
loss of sex drive
jaundice
bruise easily
vomitting blood
itchy skin
build up of fluid in the body which causes the tissue to become swollen (oedema)
57
Q

how is cirrhosos of the liver monitored

A

swelling in the legs and stomach needs to be monitored as anitbiotics needed if it builds up

58
Q

what are the care needs for someone with cirrhosis of the liver

A

avoid alcohol, loose wieght
vaccinations
diet
less salt helps to manage oedema as it allows the body to maintain a balance of fluids
vitamin k to help with blood clotting as cuts can bleed as the blood doesnt clot properly
anti viral medication to help treat hepatitas infections

59
Q

what are the lifestyle impacts for an individual with cirrhosis

A 
waiting for a liver transplant
feeling tired stressed and angry while waiting for treatment
stop drinking effects social life
problems with walking and driving 
side effects of medication
60
Q

what are the two functions of the kidneys

A

ultrafiltration and osmoregulation

61
Q

what is the cortex of the kidney

A

outer layer

62
Q

what is the medulla of the kidney

A

inner area

63
Q

what is the renal artery of the kidney

A

supply the kidney with blood

64
Q

what is the calyx

A

chanel urine from pyrmaids to the renal pelvis

65
Q

what is the renal vein

A

carries blood filtered by the kidney

66
Q

what is the ureter

A

tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder

67
Q

what is the bladder

A

collects and stores urine from kidnys

68
Q

what is the loop of henle

A

part of the nephron, a long tube that reabsorbs water

69
Q

what is the glomerelus

A

filters large molecules from plasma

70
Q

what is the bowmans capsule

A

cup like structure that before fluid enters before fluid goes into the loop of henle

71
Q

what is nephrotic kidney syndrome

A

an auto immune conditon where the immune system attacks the glomerus causing protiens from the blood to escape into the urine

72
Q

what are the 3 protiens that escape into the urine

A

antibodies
albium (gets fluids back into veins from capillary beds)
blood clotting proteins

73
Q

what are the effects of nephrotic kidney syndrome

A

swelling
infections
urine changes frothy urine
blood clots

74
Q

how is nephrotic kidney syndrome monitored and diagnosed

A

urine test- checks for a large amount of proteins and is done everyday and noted down to check for relapses
blood test to check for albium
low levels means its been lost from blood into urine
kidney biopsy to check for inflamed tissue

75
Q

how can steriods be used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome

A

stops protiens leaking from kidneys into urine

side effects of weight gain which could cause bullying

76
Q

how are diuretics used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome

A

help reduce fluid build up

however child will need to be near a toilet alot which can interupt activites

77
Q

how are immunosuppressents used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome

A

reduce the activity of the childs immune system
however a child is therefore more suseptible to becoming ill and cannot be around lots of people which can affect social life

78
Q

what are the two kinds of dialysis used for treating nephrotic kidney syndrome

A

heamodialysis- needle is inserted into arm and blood is passed through an external machine that filters it back through
peritoneal- uses the inside lining of your abdomen as the filter rather than the machine. Catheter is inserted into a cut near the belly button and fluid is pumped through

79
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

How the water levels are regulated

80
Q

what happens when there is too much water in the blood?

A

less ADH is released by the pituary gland which means less water is selectively réabsorbed. This means more water is lost in the urine

81
Q

what happens if there is not enough water in the urine?

A

The pituary gland releases more ADH so that more water is selectively reabsorbed and therefore less water is lost in the urine.

82
Q

describe the process of ultrafiltration

A

blood from the renal artery moves into the kidney nephron and is forced from the capillary into the nephron under high pressure.
Some large molecules like proteins are left in the blood but other smaller molecules like urea move into the gloméris and bowman’s capsule.
the kidney can then perform its function of filtering out urea

health and social care (11 decks)

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