unit 4 lo5 Flashcards
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves ?
Sympathetic nerves activate function and parasympathetic does the opposite by suppressing less important activites and restoring the body to its normal resting state.
What are some examples of the roles of the parasympathetic nerves?
Constricts pupils in eyes
slows heartbeat
constricts the bronchi
constricts the bladder
what are some examples of the roles of the sympathetic nerves
dialates pupils
activates heart beat
dialates bronchi
relaxes the bladder
what is the central nervous system?
it is the control centre for the body
it consists of the brain and spinal cord
the spinal cord connects the brain by long lines of indvidual nerves cells
what are peripheral nerves ?
they travel to and from our skin and muscles
theres nerves contain two types of nerve cells, sensory neurones and motor neurones
what is the difference between sensory neurones and motor neurones ?
sensory -carry messages from the sense organs such as eyes and ears
motor-carry messages from the muscle to the brain
What is the autonomic nervous system?
controls and regualates processes such as heart rate and gut movements
These actions are automatic / unconsiously controlled
what is a dendrite?
Receive electrical impulses (neurotransmitters) as information enters the dendrites and passes along the axon to the synapse
what is the axon ?
Axons are the long part of the nerve cells which impulses are conducted along
The axon is wrapped in myelin which is like insulation
this means the nerve impulse is protected from interuption and travels faster.
What is a synapse?
A gap between one neurone and the next. The synapse vessels rupture and send the neurotransmitter across the synaptic gap to the receptor site on the next dendrite on the next neurone
What does contralateral control mean?
the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side controls the right side
What does localisation mean?
different parts of the brain are responsible for particular functions
What does the cerebral cortex do?
(outer layer of the brain)
responsible for cognitive awareness and processing sensory information from the body for example swallowing and hearing
what is the role of the frontal lobe?
emotions, descison making, conscience and memory
What is the role of the cerebellum?
(at the back)
co ordinates and regulates muscle activity for example fine motor skills like writing and walking. Also accounts for balance and memory for the rapid repetition of learnt actions such as playing an intstrument.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
connects the nervous systemto the endorcrine system so it is the part of the brain that tells the glands which hormones to secrete and when to do it. Temperature regulation.
what is the role of the medulla ?
brain stem at the base of the brain and is also responsible for functions controlled by the autonomic ns like heart rate, breathing and blood pressure.
What is the role of the meninges ?
three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. Filled with spinal fluid and helps protect the soft tissue of the brain
What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?
An auto immune condition where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve cells. The attacked sections of the nerve tissue are replaced by scar tissue which prevents effective nerve transmission and leaves leisons or plaque.
This distrupts messages travelling
what are the effects of multiple sclerosis ?
tingling sensation numbness affected vision simple tasks become impossible fatigue balance loss of co ordination
what are the risk factors of multiple sclerosis ?
female living further away from the equator likely to be linked to lack of vitamin D some family history virus may be inivolved
how is multiple sclerosis diagnosed/monitored?
reacurring symptoms (2 episodes)
mri scan x2 to look for leisions and how they change over time
lumbar puncture- spinal fluids are taken by a needle from the spine. Local aenesthetic can be used and they look for anti bodies and immune cells
(shows that the immune system is attacking the myelin sheath)
what are the life style impacts of multiple sclerosis?
pain can impact sleep
job could be impacted by doctors appointments
embarassed about lack of co ordination
fatigue and appointments could mean missing social events
socially isolated
anxious about falling due to lack of balance
driving adaptations
what are the care needs for multiple sclerosis?
support with daily living tasks appropriate exercise adapted care speech and language therapy aids like walking stick stair lift walk in shower
what are some of the treatments for multiple sclerosis ?
-relapses are treated with steroids to speed up recovery
-disease modifying therapies-reducing the amount of damage and scarring to the myelin sheath which reduces frequency of relapse
-physiotherapy- improves muscle spasms and stiffness
-vestibular rehabilitation- helps control balance and dizziness by doing exercises
anti depressents
eye specialists
speech and language therapies
what is an ischemic stroke?
caused by a blood clot or piece of fatty material blocking the blood flow. Results in lack of oxygen being supplied to that part of the brain and cells in that area die which means function is lost.
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
walls of a blood vessel in the brain weaken and burst causing a bleed. Oxygen doesnt get to where it needs to go
what is transient ischemic attrack?
mini stroke which may go unnoticed
what are the risk factors for a stroke?
smoking having high cholesteral being obese age female (lack of oestrogen)
what are the symptoms\ effects of a stroke?
drooped face difficulty swallowing memory loss depression and angry outbursts mobility issues
what is thrombolysis ? (clot busting)
ischaemic strokes are often treated with medicine that dissolves blood clots and restore blood flow to the brain
not recomended if more than 4.5 hours have passed
important a brain scan is done first to check it is an ischaemic stroke and not an hemmorage one
why are aspirin and anit plates used to treat strokes?
reduces the chance of another clot forming
what are anticoagulants ?
change the chemical composition of the blood to prevent new blood clots in the future
do have issues with stopping bleeding if they cut themsleves
what role do physiotherapists do in recovering from a stroke?
focus on areas such as exercises to improve muscle strength and any walking difficulties
create a treatment plan
what role do occupational therapists play?
may involve adapting your home or using equipment to help makke daily living tasks easier
walk in bath
stair lift
what role to speech therapists play in recovering from a stroke?
exercise to improve muscle control for speech muscles
using communication aids such as letter charts
using geastures or writing
help manage swallowing prolems
what are the care needs for someone whos had a stroke?
mobility scooter
driving aids
help with general hygiene up keep
help with getting dressed
what lifestyle changes could someone expect if they have had a stroke?
communication challanges- photo cards and difficulty organising thoughts
paralyzed body parts- no longer being as independant
missing memory phsycological impacts (deoression anxiety about it happening again)
limited employment
pitutary gland
mother gland (controls the functioning of the other glands)
growth hormone to regulate growth
located in the nose
thyroid gland
Thyroxine hormone
controls the metabolism rate and brings about balanced growth
located in the neck
adrenal gland
adrenaline
prepares body for emergency
located above kidneys
pancreas
insulin hormone
controls glucose level of the blood
what is type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune condtion where the immune system attacks itself
the beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin stop working
so glucose cannot be moved out of your blood stream into your cells
what is type 2 diabetes
when the pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin to function properly or the bodys cells dont react to insulin
this means glucose stays in the blood and isnt used for energy
the cells become tolerant to insulin
what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes
obesity and older people
what are the symptoms for diabetes
feeling very thirsty weeing more than usual feeling very tired loosing weight without trying blurred vision cuts and scars that arent healing
how can diabetes be monitored
monitor glucose levels with blood tests (finger prick)
eye screening anually
insulin levels monitored
foot health monitored for ulcers
check for infections
blood pressure, cholesteral, and kidney infection as it can damage blood vessels
how can diabetes be treated
injection of insulin multiple times a day either manually or by pump inserted under skin
type 2: tablets called metformin to lower glucose can cause stomach upset
what are the care needs for someone with diabetes
healthy balanced diet exercise maintain a healthy weight alchohol is more likely to make you hypo emotional support
lifestyle adaptations for someone with diabetes
if you need to drive you must check your blood glucose no longer than two hours begore driving
check every two hours if long journey and pack sugary snacks
constnalty monitoring
where is the liver located
on the right side of the body underneath the diaphragm
what is deamination in the liver
the body cannot store excess protein so has to get rid of it by breaking it down
proteins are digested and turned into amino acids
a chemical reaction removes hydrogen and nitrogen from amino acids
this leaves ammonia which is toxic and is removed from the body in urea
what is detoxification in the liver
the liver removes poisons like alcohol from the liver by breaking them down into harmless components
what role does the liver play in the production of bile
the liver produces bile which allows the liver to remove some poisonous bi product from motabilism
liver cells break down and recycle red blood cells
as the hemoglobin from the red blood cells is recycled two poisonous chemicals are produced
billiverdin and bilirubin which pass out of the body
what is cirrhosis of the liver
when the liver cells become damaged and scar tissue forms. This distrupts bile production, bile builds up and is released into the blood which distrupts the production of protiens
how can alcohol related liver disease cause cirrhosis of the liver
scarring of the liver from continous liver damage
scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver working properly
how can non alcohlic fatty liver disease cause cirhosis of the liver
build up of fat in the liver cells
liver can become inflamed leading to scar tissue forming and then cirrhosis
what is heamochromatosis
a faulty gene allows the body to absorb excess amounts of iron from food.
the iron builds up and is deposited in the liver
how is cirrhosis of the liver diagnosed
biopsy- needle is inserted into the liver and a small piece is removed and examined
endoscopy - a tube with a light and camera at the end is passed down the throat to identify swollen veins
what are the effects of cirrhosis
tired and weak sickness loss of appetite loss of sex drive jaundice bruise easily vomitting blood itchy skin build up of fluid in the body which causes the tissue to become swollen (oedema)
how is cirrhosos of the liver monitored
swelling in the legs and stomach needs to be monitored as anitbiotics needed if it builds up
what are the care needs for someone with cirrhosis of the liver
avoid alcohol, loose wieght
vaccinations
diet
less salt helps to manage oedema as it allows the body to maintain a balance of fluids
vitamin k to help with blood clotting as cuts can bleed as the blood doesnt clot properly
anti viral medication to help treat hepatitas infections
what are the lifestyle impacts for an individual with cirrhosis
waiting for a liver transplant feeling tired stressed and angry while waiting for treatment stop drinking effects social life problems with walking and driving side effects of medication
what are the two functions of the kidneys
ultrafiltration and osmoregulation
what is the cortex of the kidney
outer layer
what is the medulla of the kidney
inner area
what is the renal artery of the kidney
supply the kidney with blood
what is the calyx
chanel urine from pyrmaids to the renal pelvis
what is the renal vein
carries blood filtered by the kidney
what is the ureter
tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
what is the bladder
collects and stores urine from kidnys
what is the loop of henle
part of the nephron, a long tube that reabsorbs water
what is the glomerelus
filters large molecules from plasma
what is the bowmans capsule
cup like structure that before fluid enters before fluid goes into the loop of henle
what is nephrotic kidney syndrome
an auto immune conditon where the immune system attacks the glomerus causing protiens from the blood to escape into the urine
what are the 3 protiens that escape into the urine
antibodies
albium (gets fluids back into veins from capillary beds)
blood clotting proteins
what are the effects of nephrotic kidney syndrome
swelling
infections
urine changes frothy urine
blood clots
how is nephrotic kidney syndrome monitored and diagnosed
urine test- checks for a large amount of proteins and is done everyday and noted down to check for relapses
blood test to check for albium
low levels means its been lost from blood into urine
kidney biopsy to check for inflamed tissue
how can steriods be used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome
stops protiens leaking from kidneys into urine
side effects of weight gain which could cause bullying
how are diuretics used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome
help reduce fluid build up
however child will need to be near a toilet alot which can interupt activites
how are immunosuppressents used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome
reduce the activity of the childs immune system
however a child is therefore more suseptible to becoming ill and cannot be around lots of people which can affect social life
what are the two kinds of dialysis used for treating nephrotic kidney syndrome
heamodialysis- needle is inserted into arm and blood is passed through an external machine that filters it back through
peritoneal- uses the inside lining of your abdomen as the filter rather than the machine. Catheter is inserted into a cut near the belly button and fluid is pumped through
what is osmoregulation?
How the water levels are regulated
what happens when there is too much water in the blood?
less ADH is released by the pituary gland which means less water is selectively réabsorbed. This means more water is lost in the urine
what happens if there is not enough water in the urine?
The pituary gland releases more ADH so that more water is selectively reabsorbed and therefore less water is lost in the urine.
describe the process of ultrafiltration
blood from the renal artery moves into the kidney nephron and is forced from the capillary into the nephron under high pressure.
Some large molecules like proteins are left in the blood but other smaller molecules like urea move into the gloméris and bowman’s capsule.
the kidney can then perform its function of filtering out urea
