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health and social care > unit 4 lo5 > Flashcards

unit 4 lo5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves ?

A

Sympathetic nerves activate function and parasympathetic does the opposite by suppressing less important activites and restoring the body to its normal resting state.

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2
Q

What are some examples of the roles of the parasympathetic nerves?

A

Constricts pupils in eyes
slows heartbeat
constricts the bronchi
constricts the bladder

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3
Q

what are some examples of the roles of the sympathetic nerves

A

dialates pupils
activates heart beat
dialates bronchi
relaxes the bladder

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4
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

it is the control centre for the body
it consists of the brain and spinal cord
the spinal cord connects the brain by long lines of indvidual nerves cells

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5
Q

what are peripheral nerves ?

A

they travel to and from our skin and muscles

theres nerves contain two types of nerve cells, sensory neurones and motor neurones

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6
Q

what is the difference between sensory neurones and motor neurones ?

A

sensory -carry messages from the sense organs such as eyes and ears
motor-carry messages from the muscle to the brain

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls and regualates processes such as heart rate and gut movements
These actions are automatic / unconsiously controlled

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8
Q

what is a dendrite?

A

Receive electrical impulses (neurotransmitters) as information enters the dendrites and passes along the axon to the synapse

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9
Q

what is the axon ?

A

Axons are the long part of the nerve cells which impulses are conducted along
The axon is wrapped in myelin which is like insulation
this means the nerve impulse is protected from interuption and travels faster.

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10
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between one neurone and the next. The synapse vessels rupture and send the neurotransmitter across the synaptic gap to the receptor site on the next dendrite on the next neurone

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11
Q

What does contralateral control mean?

A

the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left side controls the right side

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11
Q

What does localisation mean?

A

different parts of the brain are responsible for particular functions

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11
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

(outer layer of the brain)

responsible for cognitive awareness and processing sensory information from the body for example swallowing and hearing

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11
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

emotions, descison making, conscience and memory

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11
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

(at the back)
co ordinates and regulates muscle activity for example fine motor skills like writing and walking. Also accounts for balance and memory for the rapid repetition of learnt actions such as playing an intstrument.

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12
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

connects the nervous systemto the endorcrine system so it is the part of the brain that tells the glands which hormones to secrete and when to do it. Temperature regulation.

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13
Q

what is the role of the medulla ?

A

brain stem at the base of the brain and is also responsible for functions controlled by the autonomic ns like heart rate, breathing and blood pressure.

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14
Q

What is the role of the meninges ?

A

three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord. Filled with spinal fluid and helps protect the soft tissue of the brain

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15
Q

What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?

A

An auto immune condition where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve cells. The attacked sections of the nerve tissue are replaced by scar tissue which prevents effective nerve transmission and leaves leisons or plaque.
This distrupts messages travelling

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16
Q

what are the effects of multiple sclerosis ?

A 
tingling sensation
numbness
affected vision
simple tasks become impossible
fatigue
balance
loss of co ordination
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17
Q

what are the risk factors of multiple sclerosis ?

A 
female
living further away from the equator
likely to be linked to lack of vitamin D
some family history
virus may be inivolved
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18
Q

how is multiple sclerosis diagnosed/monitored?

A

reacurring symptoms (2 episodes)
mri scan x2 to look for leisions and how they change over time
lumbar puncture- spinal fluids are taken by a needle from the spine. Local aenesthetic can be used and they look for anti bodies and immune cells
(shows that the immune system is attacking the myelin sheath)

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19
Q

what are the life style impacts of multiple sclerosis?

A

pain can impact sleep
job could be impacted by doctors appointments
embarassed about lack of co ordination
fatigue and appointments could mean missing social events
socially isolated
anxious about falling due to lack of balance
driving adaptations

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20
Q

what are the care needs for multiple sclerosis?

A 
support with daily living tasks
appropriate exercise
adapted care
speech and language therapy
aids like walking stick
stair lift
walk in shower
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21
what are some of the treatments for multiple sclerosis ?
-relapses are treated with steroids to speed up recovery -disease modifying therapies-reducing the amount of damage and scarring to the myelin sheath which reduces frequency of relapse -physiotherapy- improves muscle spasms and stiffness -vestibular rehabilitation- helps control balance and dizziness by doing exercises anti depressents eye specialists speech and language therapies
22
what is an ischemic stroke?
caused by a blood clot or piece of fatty material blocking the blood flow. Results in lack of oxygen being supplied to that part of the brain and cells in that area die which means function is lost.
23
what is a hemorrhagic stroke?
walls of a blood vessel in the brain weaken and burst causing a bleed. Oxygen doesnt get to where it needs to go
24
what is transient ischemic attrack?
mini stroke which may go unnoticed
25
what are the risk factors for a stroke?
``` smoking having high cholesteral being obese age female (lack of oestrogen) ```
26
what are the symptoms\ effects of a stroke?
``` drooped face difficulty swallowing memory loss depression and angry outbursts mobility issues ```
27
what is thrombolysis ? (clot busting)
ischaemic strokes are often treated with medicine that dissolves blood clots and restore blood flow to the brain not recomended if more than 4.5 hours have passed important a brain scan is done first to check it is an ischaemic stroke and not an hemmorage one
28
why are aspirin and anit plates used to treat strokes?
reduces the chance of another clot forming
29
what are anticoagulants ?
change the chemical composition of the blood to prevent new blood clots in the future do have issues with stopping bleeding if they cut themsleves
30
what role do physiotherapists do in recovering from a stroke?
focus on areas such as exercises to improve muscle strength and any walking difficulties create a treatment plan
31
what role do occupational therapists play?
may involve adapting your home or using equipment to help makke daily living tasks easier walk in bath stair lift
32
what role to speech therapists play in recovering from a stroke?
exercise to improve muscle control for speech muscles using communication aids such as letter charts using geastures or writing help manage swallowing prolems
33
what are the care needs for someone whos had a stroke?
mobility scooter driving aids help with general hygiene up keep help with getting dressed
34
what lifestyle changes could someone expect if they have had a stroke?
communication challanges- photo cards and difficulty organising thoughts paralyzed body parts- no longer being as independant missing memory phsycological impacts (deoression anxiety about it happening again) limited employment
35
pitutary gland
mother gland (controls the functioning of the other glands) growth hormone to regulate growth located in the nose
36
thyroid gland
Thyroxine hormone controls the metabolism rate and brings about balanced growth located in the neck
37
adrenal gland
adrenaline prepares body for emergency located above kidneys
38
pancreas
insulin hormone | controls glucose level of the blood
39
what is type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune condtion where the immune system attacks itself the beta cells in the pancreas which produce insulin stop working so glucose cannot be moved out of your blood stream into your cells
40
what is type 2 diabetes
when the pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin to function properly or the bodys cells dont react to insulin this means glucose stays in the blood and isnt used for energy the cells become tolerant to insulin
41
what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes
obesity and older people
42
what are the symptoms for diabetes
``` feeling very thirsty weeing more than usual feeling very tired loosing weight without trying blurred vision cuts and scars that arent healing ```
43
how can diabetes be monitored
monitor glucose levels with blood tests (finger prick) eye screening anually insulin levels monitored foot health monitored for ulcers check for infections blood pressure, cholesteral, and kidney infection as it can damage blood vessels
44
how can diabetes be treated
injection of insulin multiple times a day either manually or by pump inserted under skin type 2: tablets called metformin to lower glucose can cause stomach upset
45
what are the care needs for someone with diabetes
``` healthy balanced diet exercise maintain a healthy weight alchohol is more likely to make you hypo emotional support ```
46
lifestyle adaptations for someone with diabetes
if you need to drive you must check your blood glucose no longer than two hours begore driving check every two hours if long journey and pack sugary snacks constnalty monitoring
47
where is the liver located
on the right side of the body underneath the diaphragm
48
what is deamination in the liver
the body cannot store excess protein so has to get rid of it by breaking it down proteins are digested and turned into amino acids a chemical reaction removes hydrogen and nitrogen from amino acids this leaves ammonia which is toxic and is removed from the body in urea
49
what is detoxification in the liver
the liver removes poisons like alcohol from the liver by breaking them down into harmless components
50
what role does the liver play in the production of bile
the liver produces bile which allows the liver to remove some poisonous bi product from motabilism liver cells break down and recycle red blood cells as the hemoglobin from the red blood cells is recycled two poisonous chemicals are produced billiverdin and bilirubin which pass out of the body
51
what is cirrhosis of the liver
when the liver cells become damaged and scar tissue forms. This distrupts bile production, bile builds up and is released into the blood which distrupts the production of protiens
52
how can alcohol related liver disease cause cirrhosis of the liver
scarring of the liver from continous liver damage | scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver working properly
53
how can non alcohlic fatty liver disease cause cirhosis of the liver
build up of fat in the liver cells | liver can become inflamed leading to scar tissue forming and then cirrhosis
54
what is heamochromatosis
a faulty gene allows the body to absorb excess amounts of iron from food. the iron builds up and is deposited in the liver
55
how is cirrhosis of the liver diagnosed
biopsy- needle is inserted into the liver and a small piece is removed and examined endoscopy - a tube with a light and camera at the end is passed down the throat to identify swollen veins
56
what are the effects of cirrhosis
``` tired and weak sickness loss of appetite loss of sex drive jaundice bruise easily vomitting blood itchy skin build up of fluid in the body which causes the tissue to become swollen (oedema) ```
57
how is cirrhosos of the liver monitored
swelling in the legs and stomach needs to be monitored as anitbiotics needed if it builds up
58
what are the care needs for someone with cirrhosis of the liver
avoid alcohol, loose wieght vaccinations diet less salt helps to manage oedema as it allows the body to maintain a balance of fluids vitamin k to help with blood clotting as cuts can bleed as the blood doesnt clot properly anti viral medication to help treat hepatitas infections
59
what are the lifestyle impacts for an individual with cirrhosis
``` waiting for a liver transplant feeling tired stressed and angry while waiting for treatment stop drinking effects social life problems with walking and driving side effects of medication ```
60
what are the two functions of the kidneys
ultrafiltration and osmoregulation
61
what is the cortex of the kidney
outer layer
62
what is the medulla of the kidney
inner area
63
what is the renal artery of the kidney
supply the kidney with blood
64
what is the calyx
chanel urine from pyrmaids to the renal pelvis
65
what is the renal vein
carries blood filtered by the kidney
66
what is the ureter
tube that carries urine from kidney to bladder
67
what is the bladder
collects and stores urine from kidnys
68
what is the loop of henle
part of the nephron, a long tube that reabsorbs water
69
what is the glomerelus
filters large molecules from plasma
70
what is the bowmans capsule
cup like structure that before fluid enters before fluid goes into the loop of henle
71
what is nephrotic kidney syndrome
an auto immune conditon where the immune system attacks the glomerus causing protiens from the blood to escape into the urine
72
what are the 3 protiens that escape into the urine
antibodies albium (gets fluids back into veins from capillary beds) blood clotting proteins
73
what are the effects of nephrotic kidney syndrome
swelling infections urine changes frothy urine blood clots
74
how is nephrotic kidney syndrome monitored and diagnosed
urine test- checks for a large amount of proteins and is done everyday and noted down to check for relapses blood test to check for albium low levels means its been lost from blood into urine kidney biopsy to check for inflamed tissue
75
how can steriods be used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome
stops protiens leaking from kidneys into urine | side effects of weight gain which could cause bullying
76
how are diuretics used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome
help reduce fluid build up | however child will need to be near a toilet alot which can interupt activites
77
how are immunosuppressents used to treat nephrotic kidney syndrome
reduce the activity of the childs immune system however a child is therefore more suseptible to becoming ill and cannot be around lots of people which can affect social life
78
what are the two kinds of dialysis used for treating nephrotic kidney syndrome
heamodialysis- needle is inserted into arm and blood is passed through an external machine that filters it back through peritoneal- uses the inside lining of your abdomen as the filter rather than the machine. Catheter is inserted into a cut near the belly button and fluid is pumped through
79
what is osmoregulation?
How the water levels are regulated
80
what happens when there is too much water in the blood?
less ADH is released by the pituary gland which means less water is selectively réabsorbed. This means more water is lost in the urine
81
what happens if there is not enough water in the urine?
The pituary gland releases more ADH so that more water is selectively reabsorbed and therefore less water is lost in the urine.
82
describe the process of ultrafiltration
blood from the renal artery moves into the kidney nephron and is forced from the capillary into the nephron under high pressure. Some large molecules like proteins are left in the blood but other smaller molecules like urea move into the gloméris and bowman’s capsule. the kidney can then perform its function of filtering out urea

health and social care (11 decks)

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