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health and social care > unit 4 lo1 > Flashcards

unit 4 lo1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 components of the blood and their functions

A
  • erythrocytes (red blood cells transport 02 and C02)
  • lymphocytes (white cells that fight infection and destroy virus or ——cancer cells by releasing enzymes)
  • neutrophils (white cells that fight of bacteria and viruses by producing anti bodies that engulf and digest bacteria)
  • monocytes (white cells destroy and remove dead cells, viruses and fungi and bacteria )
  • platelets (help the blood clot)
  • plasma (watery substance that transports dissolved nutrients)
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2
Q

how are erythrocytes adapted for their function

A

biconcave to increase surface area
no nucleas to increase surface area
4 heamaglobin so 4 oxygen can bond and create oxyheamaglobin
thin membrane wall and felxible

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3
Q

what are the 5 functions of the blood

A

transport, temperature control, fighting infection, exchange of materials with body tissue, and blood clotting

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4
Q

explain the how transport is a function of blood

A

erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
plasma transports nutrients
some products cannot be got rid of like fat and are carried in the blood in proteins

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5
Q

explain how the blood is involved in temperature control

A

blood constantly runs through the thermoregulation centre
when the temperature changes signals are sent to the nervous system
vasodilation (when blood vessels widen, cooling you down by increasing the surface area so more heat can be lost through the skin)
vasoconstriction (blood vessels narrow, heating you up as surface area is reduced and less heat is lost)
example of negative feedback

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6
Q

how is blood involved in the exchange of materials with body tissue

A

plasma diffuses from blood to tissue
becomes tissue fluid
oxygen and glucose diffuse into cells
waste products diffuse along a concentration gradient into tissue fluid
enters capillaries to be removed from body

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7
Q

how is the blood involved in preventing infections

A

white blood cells form a special protein called antibodies

these lock onto the cell walls making them a target for monocytes which can engulf and digest them

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8
Q

explain how the blood clots

A

platelets help form scabs
coagulation is a process that turns soluble blood protein into and insoluble form that traps platelets to form blood clots

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9
Q

what is the role of coronary arteries

A

supply blood to the heart tissue itself

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10
Q

what is the systemic circuit of the heart

A 
pulmonary veins
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
(pumps oxygenated blood around the body)
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11
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit of the heart

A 
superior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
semi lunar valve
pulmonary artery 
(pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs ready for gas exchnage)
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12
Q

what is the difference between systole and diastole

A

systole- is when blood is pumping out of the heart

diastole- is when blood is pumping into the heart

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13
Q

what is the function of the valves of the heart

A

keep the blood flowing in the right direction
valves open when there is a difference in pressure on one side compare to the other
tricuspid and bicuspid valves top blood flowing backwards into the atria from the ventricles
closure of these valves means when the ventricles contract blood goes out to the aorta and pulmonary artery rather than backwards

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14
Q

what is the function of the vena cava

A

brings deoxygenated blood into the heart

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15
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

takes deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs

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16
Q

what is the function of the aorta

A

takes oxygenated blood to cells

17
Q

what is the SA node

A

bundle of cells which acts as a pacemaker controlling the rate of contraction(heart rate)
located in the upper right atrium of the heart

18
Q

what is the AV node

A

responsible for the rythm of contraction by passing the signal to the purkyne fibres located in the ventircle wall

19
Q

what does an ECG measure

A

measures electrical impulses

20
Q

outline what each wave means, P, QRS, T wave

A

P- atria contracting (small wave)
QRS- ventricles contracting (bigger wave)
T- ventricles relaxing

21
Q

what is the difference between veins and arteries

A

veins- thinner less elastic walls because they carry blood away from heart and are under less pressure. Also have one way valves
arteries- thick elastic walls to withstand the pressure of carrying blood around the heart

22
Q

what are capillaries

A

one cell thick and allow for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and surrounding tissue

23
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure ?

A

pressure from the heart beat forcing plasma through the vessels

24
Q

what is the functions of the lymphatic system

A

drain fluid from around the tissue
moving cells that need to fight infection around the body
white blood cells like lymphocytes are formed in bone marrow and move to lympnodes for storage and development

25
Q

explain the formation of tissue fluid

A

hydrostatic pressure is pressure form the heartbeat pushing plasma through the vessels
the blood goes from the artery to the arterioles and then the capillaries
when the plasma passes through the capillary wall it becomes tissue fluid and when it becomes too much it drains into the lymphatic system
another way is by osmosis into the capillaires. osmosis is the movemnt of water

26
Q

what is hyperstention

A

high blood pressure
if the force of the heartbeat is too much it can put pressure on the artery wall
overtime this damages the lumen of the artery, causing it to thicken
this results in a build up of plaque

27
Q

what are the risk factors of hyperstention

A 
salt as it increases blood volume and therefore= increases blood pressure
underlying illness like diabetes 
overwight 
ages 
smoking alcohol
28
Q

what is systolic and diastolic pressure

A

systolic - when ventricles contact and blood is forced around the body
diastolic- resistance to blood flow in blood vessels when heart is at rest

29
Q

what is classed as high and low blood pressure

A

high - 140/90 mmHg

low-90/60 mmHg

30
Q

how is hyperstension monitored

A 
blood pressure cuff
gp surgery
midwife appointment
nhs health check
24 hour ambulatory monitoring
31
Q

what are the treatments for hyperstention

A

ACE inhibitors- relax blood vessels
Diuretics- reduce excess fluid in blood and therefore reduce blood volume so the pressure of the blood is less
calcium channel blockers-widen blood vessels

32
Q

what is atheroma

A

material that accumaltes on the artery wall which can lead to angina

33
Q

what is angina

A

sensation of chest pain, pressure, squeezing often due to not enough blood flow and therefore oxygen
indicate increased risk of a heart attack

34
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when plaque builds up in the coronary arteries, this is called atherosclesrosis

35
Q

what are the main risk factors for cornonary heart disease

A 
smoking
high cholesterol
excessive alcohol
obesity
age
36
Q

how is CHD monitored

A 
angiogram- an x ray that uses a special dye to see blood in veins
blood pressure
weight checks BMI
high cholesterol through blood tests 
peak flow test
37
Q

what are the two treatments for CHD

A

angioplasty- when a small balloon is inflated to widen narrowed arteries and veins
coronary artery bypass graft- diverts blood around the clogged part of the major artery to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart

38
Q

what medication can be used to treat CHD

A

low dose aspirin- reduces the chance of blood clots by stopping platelts sticking together
satins- reduce the cholesterol level in the blood
ace inhibitors- treat high blood pressure

39
Q

does the right side of the heart carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

right side- oxygenated

left side- deoxygenated

health and social care (11 decks)

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