unit 4 lo4

Question 1

What is a transverse section of bone ?

Answer 1

a horizontal slice of bone

Question 2

What is the haversian canal?

Answer 2

it is the central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

Question 3

what are osteocytes?

Answer 3

bone cells

Question 4

what is the lacunae?

Answer 4

spaces within the hard bone that contain the living osteocytes

Question 5

what are the lamellae

Answer 5

layers of hard bone

Question 6

what is the canaliculi?

Answer 6

tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

Question 7

What are the two types of bone?

Answer 7

cancellous and compact

Question 8

what is cancellous bone

Answer 8

a mesh of trabeculae containing blood vessels, marrow and stem cells. This is part of the middle bone

Question 9

What is compact bone?

Answer 9

a dense layer on the outside. This is weight bearinf. The growth plate would be here in children which is what allows bones to grow when we are younger and disappears when we stop growing.

Question 10

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 10

maks bone by producing a matrix (interconnecting) fibres that is then mineralized. now called osteocytes

Question 11

what are osteoclasts

Answer 11

remove bone by using enzymes to dissolve parts

Question 12

what is a joint

Answer 12

joints occur where two bones come together. each joint is surrounded by a capsule, tissue around the joint which produces lubricating fluid called synovial fluid.

Question 13

what is a synovial joint

Answer 13

allow smooth movement
the joint is surrounded by a capsule that is filled with synovial fluid
the surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of cartilage

Question 14

what are types of synovial joints

Answer 14

ball&socket - hip or shoulder
pivot - neck
hinge- elbow
sliding- wrist or ankle

Question 15

what is an example of a fixed joint?

Answer 15

cranium or pelvis

Question 16

what is fhe function of the bone

Answer 16

it provides protection for vital organs and support for the body

Question 17

what is the function of muscles

Answer 17

these are attached to bone across joints by tendons. provide movement by contracting and relaxing

Question 18

what is the function of fhe synovial capsule?

Answer 18

lines the inner surface of the synovial joints.

Question 19

what is the function of the synovial fluid

Answer 19

acts as a lubricant

Question 20

what is the function of tendons

Answer 20

a flexable but inelastic cord attatching a muscle to bone

Question 21

what is the function of ligaments

Answer 21

short bands of tough tissue which connects bones and hold together a joint

Question 22

what is fhe function of cartilage

Answer 22

this is fine rubbery tissue that acts as a cushion between the bones of joints

Question 23

what are the two types of protein that make up the muscle fibres?

Answer 23

myosin and actin

Question 24

what does ‘the agnostic action of skeletal muscle mean’

Answer 24

muscles that are acting in oppisition example leg of forearm

Question 25

how do tendons work

Answer 25

as muscles contracts tendons transmitt the forces to the bones, pulling on them and causing movement tendons can stetch substantially allowing them to function as springs during movement

Question 26

what is osteoarthritis?

Answer 26

damages the joints. causes pain stiffness and can prevent joint moving freely

Question 27

what is osteoarthritis caused by?

Answer 27

wear and tear on joints from sports

Question 28

what are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?

Answer 28

age over 45 obsese female family history

Question 29

how is osteoarthritis diagnosed?

Answer 29

through clinical observation gp records what they can see look for odd shaped joints, pain, stiffness and history

Question 30

what are the treatments for osteoarthritis?

Answer 30

``` medication pain killers non steroidal anti inflammatory creams surgery ```

Question 31

what are the life style impacts of osteoarthritis

Answer 31

cant do hobbies like gardening reduced mobility cant exercise stuggle with bathing

Question 32

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 32

joints become deformed, pain, swelling, stiffness and inflammation

Question 33

what is rheumatoid arthritis caused by?

Answer 33

autoimmune response the body attacks the cartilage and it starts to wear it away cells release chemicals that damages the bones

Question 34

how is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?

Answer 34

clinical observation lots of swelling which makes it difficult to move and bend the joint happens in younger people both sides of the body impacted (symetrical)

Question 35

what are the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 35

female smoking family history

Question 36

what are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 36

``` physiotherapy occupational therapy podiatry- treatment of feet exercise hydrotherapy painkillers nsaids steriod injections ```

Question 37

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 37

osteocytes help maintain the bone as it forms and increases in size after menopause the levels of hormone drop and so the bone becomes honeycomb like

Question 38

what is the cause of osteoporosis?

Answer 38

menopause

Question 39

what are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

Answer 39

poor absorption of nutrients like coliac disease familt history age

Question 40

how is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Answer 40

frax - questionaire looks at age gender etc | BMD -bone mineral density using dual energy x ray (DXA)

Question 41

what are the care needs for rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 41

weight reduction suitable footwear special devixes to reduxe strain on joints surgery

Question 42

what are the treatments for osteoporosis?

Answer 42

bisphosphonates can maintain bone density but take 6-12 months to work and must be taken on empty stomach two hours before food vitamin d and calcium supplements hormone replacement therapy

Question 43

what are the care needs for osteoporosis?

Answer 43

``` hearing and sight tests load bearing exercises like yoga prevention of falls/occupational therapy stop smoking drinking vitamin d and calcium rich foods pain killers ```