unit 4 lo4 Flashcards
What is a transverse section of bone ?
a horizontal slice of bone
What is the haversian canal?
it is the central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
what are osteocytes?
bone cells
what is the lacunae?
spaces within the hard bone that contain the living osteocytes
what are the lamellae
layers of hard bone
what is the canaliculi?
tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes
What are the two types of bone?
cancellous and compact
what is cancellous bone
a mesh of trabeculae containing blood vessels, marrow and stem cells. This is part of the middle bone
What is compact bone?
a dense layer on the outside. This is weight bearinf. The growth plate would be here in children which is what allows bones to grow when we are younger and disappears when we stop growing.
What are osteoblasts?
maks bone by producing a matrix (interconnecting) fibres that is then mineralized. now called osteocytes
what are osteoclasts
remove bone by using enzymes to dissolve parts
what is a joint
joints occur where two bones come together. each joint is surrounded by a capsule, tissue around the joint which produces lubricating fluid called synovial fluid.
what is a synovial joint
allow smooth movement
the joint is surrounded by a capsule that is filled with synovial fluid
the surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of cartilage
what are types of synovial joints
ball&socket - hip or shoulder
pivot - neck
hinge- elbow
sliding- wrist or ankle
what is an example of a fixed joint?
cranium or pelvis
what is fhe function of the bone
it provides protection for vital organs and support for the body
what is the function of muscles
these are attached to bone across joints by tendons. provide movement by contracting and relaxing
what is the function of fhe synovial capsule?
lines the inner surface of the synovial joints.
what is the function of the synovial fluid
acts as a lubricant
what is the function of tendons
a flexable but inelastic cord attatching a muscle to bone
what is the function of ligaments
short bands of tough tissue which connects bones and hold together a joint
what is fhe function of cartilage
this is fine rubbery tissue that acts as a cushion between the bones of joints
what are the two types of protein that make up the muscle fibres?
myosin and actin
what does ‘the agnostic action of skeletal muscle mean’
muscles that are acting in oppisition example leg of forearm
how do tendons work
as muscles contracts tendons transmitt the forces to the bones, pulling on them and causing movement
tendons can stetch substantially allowing them to function as springs during movement
what is osteoarthritis?
damages the joints. causes pain stiffness and can prevent joint moving freely
what is osteoarthritis caused by?
wear and tear on joints from sports
what are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?
age over 45
obsese
female
family history
how is osteoarthritis diagnosed?
through clinical observation
gp records what they can see
look for odd shaped joints, pain, stiffness and history
what are the treatments for osteoarthritis?
medication pain killers non steroidal anti inflammatory creams surgery
what are the life style impacts of osteoarthritis
cant do hobbies like gardening
reduced mobility
cant exercise
stuggle with bathing
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
joints become deformed, pain, swelling, stiffness and inflammation
what is rheumatoid arthritis caused by?
autoimmune response
the body attacks the cartilage and it starts to wear it away
cells release chemicals that damages the bones
how is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?
clinical observation
lots of swelling which makes it difficult to move and bend the joint
happens in younger people
both sides of the body impacted (symetrical)
what are the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis?
female
smoking
family history
what are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis
physiotherapy occupational therapy podiatry- treatment of feet exercise hydrotherapy painkillers nsaids steriod injections
what is osteoporosis?
osteocytes help maintain the bone as it forms and increases in size
after menopause the levels of hormone drop and so the bone becomes honeycomb like
what is the cause of osteoporosis?
menopause
what are the risk factors of osteoporosis?
poor absorption of nutrients like coliac disease
familt history
age
how is osteoporosis diagnosed?
frax - questionaire looks at age gender etc
BMD -bone mineral density using dual energy x ray (DXA)
what are the care needs for rheumatoid arthritis
weight reduction
suitable footwear
special devixes to reduxe strain on joints
surgery
what are the treatments for osteoporosis?
bisphosphonates can maintain bone density but take 6-12 months to work and must be taken on empty stomach two hours before food
vitamin d and calcium supplements
hormone replacement therapy
what are the care needs for osteoporosis?
hearing and sight tests load bearing exercises like yoga prevention of falls/occupational therapy stop smoking drinking vitamin d and calcium rich foods pain killers
