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health and social care > unit 4 lo4 > Flashcards

unit 4 lo4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a transverse section of bone ?

A

a horizontal slice of bone

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2
Q

What is the haversian canal?

A

it is the central canal containing blood vessels and nerves

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3
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

bone cells

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4
Q

what is the lacunae?

A

spaces within the hard bone that contain the living osteocytes

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5
Q

what are the lamellae

A

layers of hard bone

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6
Q

what is the canaliculi?

A

tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

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7
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

cancellous and compact

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8
Q

what is cancellous bone

A

a mesh of trabeculae containing blood vessels, marrow and stem cells. This is part of the middle bone

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9
Q

What is compact bone?

A

a dense layer on the outside. This is weight bearinf. The growth plate would be here in children which is what allows bones to grow when we are younger and disappears when we stop growing.

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10
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

maks bone by producing a matrix (interconnecting) fibres that is then mineralized. now called osteocytes

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11
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

remove bone by using enzymes to dissolve parts

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12
Q

what is a joint

A

joints occur where two bones come together. each joint is surrounded by a capsule, tissue around the joint which produces lubricating fluid called synovial fluid.

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13
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

allow smooth movement
the joint is surrounded by a capsule that is filled with synovial fluid
the surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of cartilage

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14
Q

what are types of synovial joints

A

ball&socket - hip or shoulder
pivot - neck
hinge- elbow
sliding- wrist or ankle

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15
Q

what is an example of a fixed joint?

A

cranium or pelvis

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16
Q

what is fhe function of the bone

A

it provides protection for vital organs and support for the body

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17
Q

what is the function of muscles

A

these are attached to bone across joints by tendons. provide movement by contracting and relaxing

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18
Q

what is the function of fhe synovial capsule?

A

lines the inner surface of the synovial joints.

19
Q

what is the function of the synovial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant

20
Q

what is the function of tendons

A

a flexable but inelastic cord attatching a muscle to bone

21
Q

what is the function of ligaments

A

short bands of tough tissue which connects bones and hold together a joint

22
Q

what is fhe function of cartilage

A

this is fine rubbery tissue that acts as a cushion between the bones of joints

23
Q

what are the two types of protein that make up the muscle fibres?

A

myosin and actin

24
Q

what does ‘the agnostic action of skeletal muscle mean’

A

muscles that are acting in oppisition example leg of forearm

25
Q

how do tendons work

A

as muscles contracts tendons transmitt the forces to the bones, pulling on them and causing movement
tendons can stetch substantially allowing them to function as springs during movement

26
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

damages the joints. causes pain stiffness and can prevent joint moving freely

27
Q

what is osteoarthritis caused by?

A

wear and tear on joints from sports

28
Q

what are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?

A

age over 45
obsese
female
family history

29
Q

how is osteoarthritis diagnosed?

A

through clinical observation
gp records what they can see
look for odd shaped joints, pain, stiffness and history

30
Q

what are the treatments for osteoarthritis?

A 
medication
pain killers
non steroidal anti inflammatory 
creams
surgery
31
Q

what are the life style impacts of osteoarthritis

A

cant do hobbies like gardening
reduced mobility
cant exercise
stuggle with bathing

32
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

joints become deformed, pain, swelling, stiffness and inflammation

33
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis caused by?

A

autoimmune response
the body attacks the cartilage and it starts to wear it away
cells release chemicals that damages the bones

34
Q

how is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?

A

clinical observation
lots of swelling which makes it difficult to move and bend the joint
happens in younger people
both sides of the body impacted (symetrical)

35
Q

what are the risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

female
smoking
family history

36
Q

what are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

A 
physiotherapy
occupational therapy
podiatry- treatment of feet
exercise
hydrotherapy
painkillers
nsaids
steriod injections
37
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

osteocytes help maintain the bone as it forms and increases in size
after menopause the levels of hormone drop and so the bone becomes honeycomb like

38
Q

what is the cause of osteoporosis?

A

menopause

39
Q

what are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

A

poor absorption of nutrients like coliac disease
familt history
age

40
Q

how is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

frax - questionaire looks at age gender etc

BMD -bone mineral density using dual energy x ray (DXA)

41
Q

what are the care needs for rheumatoid arthritis

A

weight reduction
suitable footwear
special devixes to reduxe strain on joints
surgery

42
Q

what are the treatments for osteoporosis?

A

bisphosphonates can maintain bone density but take 6-12 months to work and must be taken on empty stomach two hours before food
vitamin d and calcium supplements
hormone replacement therapy

43
Q

what are the care needs for osteoporosis?

A 
hearing and sight tests
load bearing exercises like yoga
prevention of falls/occupational therapy
stop smoking drinking
vitamin d and calcium rich foods
pain killers

health and social care (11 decks)

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