unit 4 lo3 Flashcards
what is the function of fhe salivary glands?
make and release saliva which contains amylase enzymes
this does chemical digestion of starch to sugar
what is the function of the buccal cavity?
begins mechanical digestion by chewing food and increasing the surface area
what is the function of the epiglottis?
a flap of cartilage behind the tounge to cover the windpipe while swallowing
what is the function of fhe oesophagus?
a muscular tube leading from buccal cavity to the stomach. lined with muscles to push food down in a rhythmic motion
what is the function of the stomach
mechanical digestion- stomach churns food around breaking it down
chemical- enzymes breakdown the food into smaller molecules
what is the function of the liver
process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine
bile from lived is stored in gall bladder
what is the function of the bile duct
small tube that carries bile from the gall bladder to the start of the small intestine
what is the function of the gall bladder
the small sac shaped organ beneath the liver in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver
what is the function of the pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes into smalll intestine. it secretes hormones insuline and glucagon into the blood
what is the function of the pancreatic duct
a small tube between the pancreas and duodenum. carries digestive enzymes from the pancreas
what is the function of the small intestine (ileum)
covered in villi that increase surface area to increase the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood
what is the function of the large intestine (colon)
absorption of water and formation of feces happens here
what is fhe function of the rectum
feces is stored here
what is the function of the anus
opening at the end of the digestive tract
what is peristalsis
involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
what is the lock and key model
each enzyme has an active site that is a specific shape and can only fit one type of substrate
the enzyme acts as a catalyst breakinf down a substrate
amylase
carbohydrates into sugar
found in salovary glands, pancreas and small intestine
protease
protiens into amino acids
found in stomach pancreas and small intestine
lipase
fats into fatty acids and glycerol
found in pancreas and small intestine
what is the digestive role of the liver
produces bile
bile emulsifies fat to make it easier to absorb into blood
bile stored in the gall bladder
bile travels to small intestine through the bile duct for emulsification to take place
what is the digestive role of the pancreas
produces pancreatic juices which are a mix of enzymes
chime is acidic after leaving stomach so pancreatic juices are alkali so they need neutralizing
into small intestine
what is absorption
the process through digested food is absorbed into the small intestine and into the blood stream
what is assimilation
the process through which digested and absorbed food molecules are taken and used bt the cells in the body
what happens to excess glucoss
stored as glycogen in the liver
when the body needs stored glycogen the glucagon converts it back to glucose
this then goes back into the blood and is taken to the cells where insulin helps it to be absorbed
what happens to amino acids
deamination is the process of breaking down amino acids
remobes nitrogen and makes urea
urea is sent to the kidneys to make urine
how are villi adapted for absoroption
large surface area
made from epithetial tissuw whixh is thin and makes absorption quicker
lots of mitochondria and therefore energy
what is the role of the liver in assimilation
storing nutrients
changes nutrients into substances we can use for example amino acids into new proteins
what are gall stones ?
small stones of cholesterol
what are the symptoms of gall stones?
persistant pain jaundice fever vomitting loss of appetite
what are the risk factors of gallstones
female overweight 40+ chrona disease or ibs recently lost alot of weight
how are gall stones diagnosed
murpheys sign test- doctor places fingers on abdomen to check for pain
blood tests
ultrasound- sound waves bounce back off the body tissues forming an image on the screen
how are gall stones treated x3
shockwave lithopsy- breaks down stones
keyhole surgery- small cut on abdomen to remove gall bladder
medication to dissolve them
what life style changes are required for gall stones
exercise
very low fat diet
less alcohol
varied diet
what impacts do gall stones have on lifestyle
pain interrupts daily living tasks difficulty sleeping struggle to attend work medication over long period of time embarrassing cant est out with friends
what is coleiac disease
an autoimmune condition where tbe immune system mistakes healthy cells for harmful ones.
The anti bodies that are produced cause the surface of the small instestine to become inflamed
what are the causes of coliac disease
family history
introducing gluten to a babies diet before 6 weeks
had a digestive system infection
what are the symptoms of coliac disease
diarrhoea abdominal pain indigestion constipation vomitting fatigue unexpected weight loss
what ia the treatment for coleic disease
removing gluten completely from diet
taking vitamin supplements
what impact on life style does ceoliac disease have
reading food labels carefully when shopping
take care when eating out / hard to have meals with friends
how is coleic disease diagnosed
blood tests- tests for antibodies present with people who have coleiac disease
endoscopy- small tube inserted down mouth to small intestine where a biopsy is taken
what are the triggers of ibs
hormones-women are more likely to get it
stress can aggravate symptoms
food
what are the 5 biological causes of ibs
muscle contractions in small instestine inflamation in the intestines nervous system severe infection changed in bactetia in the gut
what are the physical impacts of ibs
pain
needing the toilet
long journeys can be an issue
affects daily activities
what are the emotional impacts of ibs
embarrassing
lack of support
frustration
upsetn
what are the intellectual impacts of ibs
work and school interupted by frequent medical appointments
time fonsuming to record food daily
social impacts of ibs
difficulty eating out with friends due to food restrictions
staying over at peoples houses
how is ibs monitored
endoscopy
food diary
how is ibs treated
avoid food that triggers symptoms high fibre foods drink plenty of fluids eliminate FODMAPS found in grains fruit create gas cognitive behavioural problems medications
