unit 4 lo3

Question 1

what is the function of fhe salivary glands?

Answer 1

make and release saliva which contains amylase enzymes

this does chemical digestion of starch to sugar

Question 2

what is the function of the buccal cavity?

Answer 2

begins mechanical digestion by chewing food and increasing the surface area

Question 3

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 3

a flap of cartilage behind the tounge to cover the windpipe while swallowing

Question 4

what is the function of fhe oesophagus?

Answer 4

a muscular tube leading from buccal cavity to the stomach. lined with muscles to push food down in a rhythmic motion

Question 5

what is the function of the stomach

Answer 5

mechanical digestion- stomach churns food around breaking it down
chemical- enzymes breakdown the food into smaller molecules

Question 6

what is the function of the liver

Answer 6

process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine

bile from lived is stored in gall bladder

Question 7

what is the function of the bile duct

Answer 7

small tube that carries bile from the gall bladder to the start of the small intestine

Question 8

what is the function of the gall bladder

Answer 8

the small sac shaped organ beneath the liver in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver

Question 9

what is the function of the pancreas

Answer 9

secretes digestive enzymes into smalll intestine. it secretes hormones insuline and glucagon into the blood

Question 10

what is the function of the pancreatic duct

Answer 10

a small tube between the pancreas and duodenum. carries digestive enzymes from the pancreas

Question 11

what is the function of the small intestine (ileum)

Answer 11

covered in villi that increase surface area to increase the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood

Question 12

what is the function of the large intestine (colon)

Answer 12

absorption of water and formation of feces happens here

Question 13

what is fhe function of the rectum

Answer 13

feces is stored here

Question 14

what is the function of the anus

Answer 14

opening at the end of the digestive tract

Question 15

what is peristalsis

Answer 15

involuntary muscle contractions to move food along

Question 16

what is the lock and key model

Answer 16

each enzyme has an active site that is a specific shape and can only fit one type of substrate
the enzyme acts as a catalyst breakinf down a substrate

Question 17

amylase

Answer 17

carbohydrates into sugar

found in salovary glands, pancreas and small intestine

Question 18

protease

Answer 18

protiens into amino acids

found in stomach pancreas and small intestine

Question 19

lipase

Answer 19

fats into fatty acids and glycerol

found in pancreas and small intestine

Question 20

what is the digestive role of the liver

Answer 20

produces bile
bile emulsifies fat to make it easier to absorb into blood
bile stored in the gall bladder
bile travels to small intestine through the bile duct for emulsification to take place

Question 21

what is the digestive role of the pancreas

Answer 21

produces pancreatic juices which are a mix of enzymes
chime is acidic after leaving stomach so pancreatic juices are alkali so they need neutralizing
into small intestine

Question 22

what is absorption

Answer 22

the process through digested food is absorbed into the small intestine and into the blood stream

Question 23

what is assimilation

Answer 23

the process through which digested and absorbed food molecules are taken and used bt the cells in the body

Question 24

what happens to excess glucoss

Answer 24

stored as glycogen in the liver
when the body needs stored glycogen the glucagon converts it back to glucose
this then goes back into the blood and is taken to the cells where insulin helps it to be absorbed

Question 25

what happens to amino acids

Answer 25

deamination is the process of breaking down amino acids remobes nitrogen and makes urea urea is sent to the kidneys to make urine

Question 26

how are villi adapted for absoroption

Answer 26

large surface area made from epithetial tissuw whixh is thin and makes absorption quicker lots of mitochondria and therefore energy

Question 27

what is the role of the liver in assimilation

Answer 27

storing nutrients | changes nutrients into substances we can use for example amino acids into new proteins

Question 28

what are gall stones ?

Answer 28

small stones of cholesterol

Question 29

what are the symptoms of gall stones?

Answer 29

``` persistant pain jaundice fever vomitting loss of appetite ```

Question 30

what are the risk factors of gallstones

Answer 30

``` female overweight 40+ chrona disease or ibs recently lost alot of weight ```

Question 31

how are gall stones diagnosed

Answer 31

murpheys sign test- doctor places fingers on abdomen to check for pain blood tests ultrasound- sound waves bounce back off the body tissues forming an image on the screen

Question 32

how are gall stones treated x3

Answer 32

shockwave lithopsy- breaks down stones keyhole surgery- small cut on abdomen to remove gall bladder medication to dissolve them

Question 33

what life style changes are required for gall stones

Answer 33

exercise very low fat diet less alcohol varied diet

Question 34

what impacts do gall stones have on lifestyle

Answer 34

``` pain interrupts daily living tasks difficulty sleeping struggle to attend work medication over long period of time embarrassing cant est out with friends ```

Question 35

what is coleiac disease

Answer 35

an autoimmune condition where tbe immune system mistakes healthy cells for harmful ones. The anti bodies that are produced cause the surface of the small instestine to become inflamed

Question 36

what are the causes of coliac disease

Answer 36

family history introducing gluten to a babies diet before 6 weeks had a digestive system infection

Question 37

what are the symptoms of coliac disease

Answer 37

``` diarrhoea abdominal pain indigestion constipation vomitting fatigue unexpected weight loss ```

Question 38

what ia the treatment for coleic disease

Answer 38

removing gluten completely from diet | taking vitamin supplements

Question 39

what impact on life style does ceoliac disease have

Answer 39

reading food labels carefully when shopping | take care when eating out / hard to have meals with friends

Question 40

how is coleic disease diagnosed

Answer 40

blood tests- tests for antibodies present with people who have coleiac disease endoscopy- small tube inserted down mouth to small intestine where a biopsy is taken

Question 41

what are the triggers of ibs

Answer 41

hormones-women are more likely to get it stress can aggravate symptoms food

Question 42

what are the 5 biological causes of ibs

Answer 42

``` muscle contractions in small instestine inflamation in the intestines nervous system severe infection changed in bactetia in the gut ```

Question 43

what are the physical impacts of ibs

Answer 43

pain needing the toilet long journeys can be an issue affects daily activities

Question 44

what are the emotional impacts of ibs

Answer 44

embarrassing lack of support frustration upsetn

Question 45

what are the intellectual impacts of ibs

Answer 45

work and school interupted by frequent medical appointments | time fonsuming to record food daily

Question 46

social impacts of ibs

Answer 46

difficulty eating out with friends due to food restrictions | staying over at peoples houses

Question 47

how is ibs monitored

Answer 47

endoscopy | food diary

Question 48

how is ibs treated

Answer 48

``` avoid food that triggers symptoms high fibre foods drink plenty of fluids eliminate FODMAPS found in grains fruit create gas cognitive behavioural problems medications ```