Unit 4: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Classical vs Operant conditioning

A

Classical is involuntary responses, involves what happens before the response

Operant is voluntary response, what happens after the conditioned response

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2
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Conditioning someone to do voluntary behavior

Focuses on the consequence of a conditioned response

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3
Q

What did Thorndike do?

A

Taught a cat to push a lever for food
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a good thing it will be repeated

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4
Q

What did Skinner do?

A

Coined operant learning (learning of behavior)

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5
Q

What is reinforcement

A

“Whats in it for me?”
The thing following a response that makes it more likely to happen

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6
Q

What is a primary reinforcement?

A

reinforcer that fulfills a need

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7
Q

What is a secondary reinforcement

A

Something that gets reinforcement properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past (Money for food)

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8
Q

Positive and negative reinforcements

A

Positive induces pleasure, negative is the removal of pain

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9
Q

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

A

Response that is reinforced after some but not all correct responses is more resistant

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10
Q

What are all of the schedules of reinforcement?

A

Fixed interval
Varied interval
Fixed ratio
Varied ratio

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11
Q

Fixed internal

A

receiving pay once a week- only first correct response gets enforced

Scalloping effect: Response made only when interval nears end

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12
Q

Variable interval

A

When interval of time after person must respond to receive reinforcement changes

Response then happens consistently, people don’t know when they will get it

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13
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Number of responses needed to get reinforcement will always be the same

Fast responses with break after

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14
Q

variable ratio

A

number of responses needed changes

Continuous responses bc of unpredictability

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15
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to elicit a reflex response to stimulus other than natural stimulus that produces the response

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16
Q

Pavlov

A

Dog thing with the bell and the salivating

17
Q

How does classical conditioning work?

A

An unconditioned stimulus causes unconditioned response
Neutral stim introduced, comes before conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response eventually becomes conditioned response with neutral stimulus becoming conditioned stimulus

18
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency to respond to any stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus

19
Q

Discrimination

A

When person learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways
afraid of dogs but only brown ones, not all dogs

20
Q

High order conditioning

A

When strong conditioned stimulus is paired with neutral stimulus and becomes a second conditioned stimulus

21
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

Wattson’s baby Albert and rat

22
Q

Skinner’s Law

A

behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is less likely to recur

23
Q

Thorndike

A

Law of effect
Cats in the box with lever

24
Q

What is positive punishment

A

A punishment by adding pain

25
Q

What is negative punishment

A

A punishment by removing something someone likes

26
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

When a conditioned response comes back after extinction, this time stronger

27
Q

What is taste aversion learning

A

When someone no longer likes a food after eating it only once because they got sick after

28
Q

What is shaping?

A

Rewarding small steps towards goal until goal is reached (skinner)

29
Q

What is neurofeedback

A

Changing neural activity

30
Q

What is biofeedback

A

Gaining awareness and control of biology to relax

31
Q

Cognitive learning theory

A

Mental events that take place in a persons mind while behaving

32
Q

Latent learning (Tolman’s Rats)

A

Failures help you learn and solve problem faster next time

33
Q

Insight learning (Kohler’s Chimps)

A

Aha moment, not trial and error

34
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning from watching

35
Q

4 Elements of observational learning

A

Attention, memory, imitation, desire

36
Q

Learned Helplessness (Seligman’s Dogs)

A

after experiencing failures out of their control the organism will not try anymore