Unit 4: Learning Flashcards
Classical vs Operant conditioning
Classical is involuntary responses, involves what happens before the response
Operant is voluntary response, what happens after the conditioned response
What is Operant Conditioning?
Conditioning someone to do voluntary behavior
Focuses on the consequence of a conditioned response
What did Thorndike do?
Taught a cat to push a lever for food
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a good thing it will be repeated
What did Skinner do?
Coined operant learning (learning of behavior)
What is reinforcement
“Whats in it for me?”
The thing following a response that makes it more likely to happen
What is a primary reinforcement?
reinforcer that fulfills a need
What is a secondary reinforcement
Something that gets reinforcement properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past (Money for food)
Positive and negative reinforcements
Positive induces pleasure, negative is the removal of pain
What is the partial reinforcement effect?
Response that is reinforced after some but not all correct responses is more resistant
What are all of the schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed interval
Varied interval
Fixed ratio
Varied ratio
Fixed internal
receiving pay once a week- only first correct response gets enforced
Scalloping effect: Response made only when interval nears end
Variable interval
When interval of time after person must respond to receive reinforcement changes
Response then happens consistently, people don’t know when they will get it
Fixed ratio
Number of responses needed to get reinforcement will always be the same
Fast responses with break after
variable ratio
number of responses needed changes
Continuous responses bc of unpredictability
What is classical conditioning?
Learning to elicit a reflex response to stimulus other than natural stimulus that produces the response
Pavlov
Dog thing with the bell and the salivating
How does classical conditioning work?
An unconditioned stimulus causes unconditioned response
Neutral stim introduced, comes before conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response eventually becomes conditioned response with neutral stimulus becoming conditioned stimulus
Generalization
Tendency to respond to any stimulus similar to conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
When person learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways
afraid of dogs but only brown ones, not all dogs
High order conditioning
When strong conditioned stimulus is paired with neutral stimulus and becomes a second conditioned stimulus
Conditioned emotional responses
Wattson’s baby Albert and rat
Skinner’s Law
behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is less likely to recur
Thorndike
Law of effect
Cats in the box with lever
What is positive punishment
A punishment by adding pain
What is negative punishment
A punishment by removing something someone likes
Spontaneous recovery
When a conditioned response comes back after extinction, this time stronger
What is taste aversion learning
When someone no longer likes a food after eating it only once because they got sick after
What is shaping?
Rewarding small steps towards goal until goal is reached (skinner)
What is neurofeedback
Changing neural activity
What is biofeedback
Gaining awareness and control of biology to relax
Cognitive learning theory
Mental events that take place in a persons mind while behaving
Latent learning (Tolman’s Rats)
Failures help you learn and solve problem faster next time
Insight learning (Kohler’s Chimps)
Aha moment, not trial and error
Observational learning
Learning from watching
4 Elements of observational learning
Attention, memory, imitation, desire
Learned Helplessness (Seligman’s Dogs)
after experiencing failures out of their control the organism will not try anymore
