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Ap Psych > Sensation > Flashcards

Sensation Flashcards

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1
Q

Transduction

A

Outside stimuli becoming neural activity

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2
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Receive stem by energy instead of neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Jnd

A

Smallest noticeable difference 50% of the time. Different between two stimuli has to be same percentage of change each time

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4
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Lowest level of stimuli person can detect 50% of the time

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5
Q

Subliminal

A

Stimuli below threshold

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6
Q

Habituation

A

Hearing but not paying attention. Sensory receptors are responding but brain not signaling. Learned effect.

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7
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Receptor cells become less responsive to unchanging stimuli. Physiological effect.

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8
Q

Light waves

A

Amplitude: brightness
Length of wave: Color
Saturation is determined if other waves are mixed in

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9
Q

Parts of eye

A

Retnia, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, iris, rods, cones

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10
Q

How does light pass through eye

A

light enters by bouncing off. Enters through pupil, goes through retina that has rods and cones that make the light signals

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11
Q

Cornea

A

Surface of eye, protects eye

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12
Q

iris and pupil

A

Pupil is hole into eye, iris is the ‘lens’ that focuses the hole to get more or less light

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13
Q

Retnia

A

Final step, has ganglion, bipolar, and rods plus cones

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14
Q

Rods

A

and cells make light into signals, send it to bipolar and then to ganglion. In periphery.

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15
Q

Cones

A

Fine detail and color

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16
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

red green and blue cones where colors correspond to amount of light each receives

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17
Q

Afterimages

A

Visual sensation that stays for a short time when original stimuli is removed

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18
Q

opponenT-proCeSSTheory

A

mind can only register the presence of one color of a pair at a time because the two colors oppose one another. The same kind of cell that activates when you see red will deactivate in green light, and the cells that activate in green light will deactivate when you see red. This explains why you can’t see yellowish-blue or reddish-green.

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19
Q

How is sound perceived?

A

Vibrations/waves in the molecules in the air

20
Q

Soundwaves

A

Amplitude is volume, length is pitch

21
Q

Parts of the ear

A

Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

22
Q

Outer Ear

A

Pinna funnels sound waves from outside to inside, where they enter auditory canal that leads to eardrum

23
Q

Middle Ear

A

3 bones in middle ear behind eardrum (hammer, anvil, stirrup). The stirrup causes the membrane covering the inner ear too pen

24
Q

Inner Ear

A

Cochlea has a basilar membrane fluid that vibrates organ of the corti

25
Q

Organ of the corti

A

Has hairs that receive sound and sends messages through auditors nerves

26
Q

Place theory (pitch)

A

Pitch a Pearson hears is based on where the hair cells on corti are located
only works above 1k hz

27
Q

Frequency theory (pitch)

A

Pitch is related to how fast basilar membrane vibrates, only works up to 1k hz

28
Q

Volley principle

A

Groups of neurons take turns sending msg to the brain for 1000 kz each,

29
Q

How does taste work

A

Taste receptors receive molecules that fit into receptors like a lock, which is sent to gustatory cortex
texture is in soma-sensory core

30
Q

How does smell work

A

Outer part of nose sucks in molecules of scent and transduces odor at top of olafactory passage

31
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light in the eye to make a sharper image

32
Q

What is somesthetic sense?

A

“Body sense”
Feel, motion, pain, and balance

33
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

Have cilia that project into cavity
Receptors send signals from molecules of scent

34
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

On top of sinus cavity right under frontal lobes
Signals are sent to bulb bypassing thalamus and then sent to higher cortical areas

35
Q

Types of skin sensory receptors

A

Pacinian corpusles: Just below the skin, changes in pressure
Free Nerve Endings: Pressure, temp, pain
Viceral Pain: In organs and somatic pain that reminds of damage

36
Q

Gate control theory

A

pain signals must pass through ‘gate’ in spinal cord
Stim of pain receptor cells releases substance P that activates other neurons, brain interprets info and opens or closes gate

37
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Muscles, tendons, and joints so you know what and where your body is doing/is

38
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Inner ear
Crystals suspended in fluid vibrate based on motion and tell you how you’re moving

39
Q

Size constancy

A

Interpret object always being the same size even if it looks tiny in the distance

40
Q

Shape constancy

A

Shape of object is the same even if seen at a different angle (coin on side is still round)

41
Q

Brightness constancy

A

Even when darker the difference reflected from objects previously seen in lighter room is still the same ratio

42
Q

Gesalt principles

A

Figure ground: Objects all exist on a background
Proximity: Objects that are close together are in group
Similarity: Similar objects are part of a group
Closure: Tendancy to connect figures that are incomplete (making a face out of a few lines)
Continuity: Percieve things as simply as possible
Contiguity: Two things that happen close together in time are percieved as related

43
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see things in 3D
Monocular and binocular cues

44
Q

Monocular cues

A

Linear perspection: paralell converging lines are gradually getting further away
Relative Size: When certain objects appear smaller or larger we assume they’re closer or farther away
Overlap: Thing overlapping other must be in front
Aerial perspective: Fuzzier means further away
Accomodation: Eye lens changes to see things further away, brain notices and tells you they must be in distance

45
Q

Binocular cues

A

Convergence: Eyes cross or widen to see objects close or far, brain uses this as distance cue
Binocular dispairty: eyes don’t see exact same image, overlapping pic gives depth

46
Q

Fovea

A

Small part of Retnia that has vision stuff

Ap Psych (12 decks)

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