Cognition Flashcards
Mental imagery
Mental images used in thought process that we are able to engage with.
Larger images take more time
Similarity between actually seeing and imagining seeing
Concept
idea that represents a class or category of subject without a specific example
Formal concept
has strict definition ex. squares, science
Natural concept
Has ‘fuzzy’ definitions
comes from experience
Prototype
Concept that closely matches defining definition of concept (apple as a prototype for concept of fruit)
People compare prototype and concept to see if they match
Types of problem solving
Trial and error, algorithms, heuristics
Algorithms
Step by step procedure for solving problems
Heuristics
Rule of thumb/educated guesses based on prior experiences. Shortcut
Working backwards
subgoals
availability
Representativness
Representativness heuristic
Used for categorizing objects; anything that shows traits with that category is in it
Availability heuristic
Estimation of frequency of event is based on how easy it is to recall or think of related examples
Working backwards
Know the goal, compare solutions
Subgoals
diving goals into smaller goals
Insight
“ah ha” moment. Actually brain reorganizing problem and solving it while thinking of something else
Problems with problem solving
Functional fixedness, mental sets, confirmation bias,
Functional fixedness
thinking of objects only in their typical function
mental sets
People persist in using problem solving patterns that worked in past
Creativity
Solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways
Divergent thinking
Person starts at one point and thinks of different solutions
Convergent thinking
Person has one solution that all lines of thinking converge in
Spearman’s G and S factor
G factor: General ability to reason and solve problems
S factor: Task specific abilities
Gardener’s Multiple intelligences
9 types of intelligence
Sternberg’s Triarchic theory
Analytical, creative, and practical
Adrian Dove designed the Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test to highlight what intelligence testing problem?
Cultural bias
Reliability
The test produces the same answer each time
Validity
Test actually measures what it is trying to
Intellectual disability
IQ score two standard deviations below normal curve + adaptive behavior below level for age
Diagnosis
DSM-5, based on deficits in intelligence from domains of conceptual, social, and practical
Giftedness
IQ of 130 of above
Heritability
Proportion of change in IQ within a population caused by genetic factors
Currently at .50
Receptive productive lag
Infants can understand more than they can say
Stages of language development
Cooing
Babbling
One word speech
Telegraphic speech
Whole sentences
Levels of language analysis
Grammar, phonetics, morphemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
Piaget’s theory
Concept is learned before word can be learned. Concepts are pegs words are hung on
Vygotsky’s theory
Words help form concepts
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Language influences thoughts/thought concepts are controlled by language
Stanford Binet IQ
Mental age divided by chronological age times 100 is IQ
