Cognition

Question 1

Mental imagery

Answer 1

Mental images used in thought process that we are able to engage with.

Larger images take more time

Similarity between actually seeing and imagining seeing

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

idea that represents a class or category of subject without a specific example

Question 3

Formal concept

Answer 3

has strict definition ex. squares, science

Question 4

Natural concept

Answer 4

Has ‘fuzzy’ definitions
comes from experience

Question 5

Prototype

Answer 5

Concept that closely matches defining definition of concept (apple as a prototype for concept of fruit)

People compare prototype and concept to see if they match

Question 6

Types of problem solving

Answer 6

Trial and error, algorithms, heuristics

Question 7

Algorithms

Answer 7

Step by step procedure for solving problems

Question 8

Heuristics

Answer 8

Rule of thumb/educated guesses based on prior experiences. Shortcut

Working backwards
subgoals
availability
Representativness

Question 9

Representativness heuristic

Answer 9

Used for categorizing objects; anything that shows traits with that category is in it

Question 10

Availability heuristic

Answer 10

Estimation of frequency of event is based on how easy it is to recall or think of related examples

Question 11

Working backwards

Answer 11

Know the goal, compare solutions

Question 12

Subgoals

Answer 12

diving goals into smaller goals

Question 13

Insight

Answer 13

“ah ha” moment. Actually brain reorganizing problem and solving it while thinking of something else

Question 14

Problems with problem solving

Answer 14

Functional fixedness, mental sets, confirmation bias,

Question 15

Functional fixedness

Answer 15

thinking of objects only in their typical function

Question 16

mental sets

Answer 16

People persist in using problem solving patterns that worked in past

Question 17

Creativity

Answer 17

Solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways

Question 18

Divergent thinking

Answer 18

Person starts at one point and thinks of different solutions

Question 19

Convergent thinking

Answer 19

Person has one solution that all lines of thinking converge in

Question 20

Spearman’s G and S factor

Answer 20

G factor: General ability to reason and solve problems
S factor: Task specific abilities

Question 21

Gardener’s Multiple intelligences

Answer 21

9 types of intelligence

Question 22

Sternberg’s Triarchic theory

Answer 22

Analytical, creative, and practical

Question 23

Adrian Dove designed the Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test to highlight what intelligence testing problem?

Answer 23

Cultural bias

Question 24

Reliability

Answer 24

The test produces the same answer each time

Question 25

Validity

Answer 25

Test actually measures what it is trying to

Question 26

Intellectual disability

Answer 26

IQ score two standard deviations below normal curve + adaptive behavior below level for age

Question 27

Diagnosis

Answer 27

DSM-5, based on deficits in intelligence from domains of conceptual, social, and practical

Question 28

Giftedness

Answer 28

IQ of 130 of above

Question 29

Heritability

Answer 29

Proportion of change in IQ within a population caused by genetic factors
Currently at .50

Question 30

Receptive productive lag

Answer 30

Infants can understand more than they can say

Question 31

Stages of language development

Answer 31

Cooing
Babbling
One word speech
Telegraphic speech
Whole sentences

Question 32

Levels of language analysis

Answer 32

Grammar, phonetics, morphemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

Question 33

Piaget’s theory

Answer 33

Concept is learned before word can be learned. Concepts are pegs words are hung on

Question 34

Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 34

Words help form concepts

Question 35

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 35

Language influences thoughts/thought concepts are controlled by language

Question 36

Stanford Binet IQ

Answer 36

Mental age divided by chronological age times 100 is IQ