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Biolo 2230 > Unit 4-Digestive > Flashcards

Unit 4-Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Where does resorption of water occur?

A

in large intesine

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2
Q

What is segmentation?

A

the rhythmic local contractions of muscle

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3
Q

What is defection?

A

elimination of waste

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4
Q

whats another name for short nerve plexuses?

A

intrinsic nerve plexuses

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5
Q

Difference between short and long nerve plexuses?

A

Short- stays in gastrointestinal tract

Long- doesn’t stay in just the gastrointestinal tract

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6
Q

What is the main role of the mesentary?

A

To take organs and attach it to the abdominal cavity

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7
Q

Retro

A

behind the paritemeal

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8
Q

Identify tissue found in the submucosa

A

dense irregular connective

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9
Q

Describe the layers present in the muscularis externa

A

One layer- Circular layer runs around; so when it contracts it will change the diameter
Second: external longitudnal layer; so when it contracts it will change the length

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10
Q

Identify the tissue found in the mucosa

A

epithilieum

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11
Q

How many layers are found in the muscularis externa

A

2

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12
Q

T/F : mucosa serves a protective function

A

true

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13
Q

Whats another name for oral cavity

A

buccal

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14
Q

Identify the pathway that is used for ingestion

A

oral cavity

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15
Q

What is the role of the roof(palate) portion of oral cavity?

A

separation of the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What would happen if you didn’t have your tongue?

A

Wouldn’t be able to swallow well

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17
Q

Describe parotid glands

A

a type of salivary gland which contains serous glands

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18
Q

What is the role of serous glands

A

proudction of enzymes

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19
Q

What are the components that can be found in the saliva

A

Water, electrolytes, antibodies (IgA), amylase, mucin, lysosome, metabolic waste

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20
Q

What is mostly found in saliva

A

water

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21
Q

t/f: Saliva is highly acidic

A

false, Saliva is SLIGHTLY acidic

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22
Q

T/F: we only have one set of teeth

A

false we have two sets of teeth

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23
Q

How many teeth can be found in a set (s)

A

Primary: 20 teeth
Permanent: 32

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24
Q

What is the purpose of teeths?

A

mastication

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25
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

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26
Q

t/f: tooth is living structure

A

true

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27
Q

What is deglutition (basic answer)

A

swallowing

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28
Q

Identify the two phases that occur in deglutition

A
  • buccal

- pharyngeal-esophageal

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29
Q

What is the role of globlet cells?

A

production of mucus

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30
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric acid and intrnsic factors

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31
Q

What organs make up the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

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32
Q

Identify the organs that considered as accessory organs.

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,

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33
Q

List the major steps that are involved in the digestive process

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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34
Q

What occurs in ingestion of the digestive system process?

A

The act of bringing food into the digestive system

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35
Q

T/F: Ingestion occurs in both the mouth and the large intestine.

A

False, ingestion ONLY occurs in the mouth

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36
Q

What occurs in propulsion of the digestive system process?

A

Describes the movement of material through the digestive tract

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37
Q

Identify the types of propulsion

A

Deglutition and peristalsis

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38
Q

Describe deglutition

A
  • swallowing
  • a form of propulsion
  • This process can be both partial voluntary and partial involuntary
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39
Q

Describe peristalsis

A
  • a form of propulsion
  • involuntary process
  • starts in the eosphagus
  • wave-like smooth muscle contractions
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40
Q

What occurs in mechanical digestion of the digestive system process?

A
  • physical breakdown of food
  • mastication
  • segmentation
  • mixing
41
Q

Describe physical breakdown of food in mechanical digestion

A

Turning big pieces of food into smaller pieces

42
Q

Describe mixing of mechanical digestion

A
  • stomach churns and mixes foods

- the tongue will move around the found which mixes the food with the saliva to assist in breaking down the food

43
Q

Describe the mastication of mechanical digestion

A
  • Chewing

- Mechanical digestion in the mouth

44
Q

Describe segmentation of mechanical digestion

A
  • encourages propulsion mixing

- alternating muscular contractions moves materials back and forth

45
Q

What occurs in chemical digestion of the digestive system?

A
  • Utilizing enzymes to aid in breaking food down into its building blocks
  • Starts in the mouth-> continues in stomach-> finishes in the small intestine
46
Q

Describe the alimentary canal

A
  • Continuous, muscular and hollow canal
  • opens to external environment on both ends
  • we absorb things thru the walls of alimentary canal and leaves wastes in this canal that can then be excrete
  • Everything within this canal is considered to be outside of the body
47
Q

T/F: the alimentary canal ends in the anus and begins in the mouth and nasal cavity

A

False, ends in the anus and begins in the mouth

48
Q

Describe what occurs when enzymes are used to break down into its building blocks

A
  • Fats/lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
  • carbohydrates in glucose
  • proteins into amino acids
49
Q

Describe what occurs when chemical digestion begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach and then finishes in the small intestine

A

Different nutrients are chemically digested in different parts of the alimentary canal

50
Q

What occurs in absorption of the digestive system process?

A

Describes the movement of digested products from the lumen of the alimentary canal to the blood or lymphatic system

51
Q

Describe the movement of digested material during absorption of digestion

A

Digested material has to pass thru musical membrane of the alimentary canal

52
Q

What occurs in defecation of the digestive system process?

A

Elimination of waste

53
Q

What is waste called for humans?

A

feces

54
Q

List the sensory receptors that are applicable to the digestive system.

A

Stretch receptors, osmolarity receptors, pH receptors, receptors for certain molecules

55
Q

What are sensors?

A

Sensory receptors

56
Q

Describe what happens when sensory receptors are activated

A

they can decrease or increase activity of the digestive system such as smooth muscle contraction and secretion patterns

57
Q

What is the role of receptors for certain molecules?

A

Certain receptors have the ability to detect whether proteins or fats are present in the food that has been digested

58
Q

What are nerve plexuses?

A

Nerves that are present in the digestive system

59
Q

Describe intrinsic plexi.

A
  • utilizes the enteric nervous system

- have localized effects

60
Q

Describe what occurs when intrinsic plexi utilize the enteric nervous system

A
  • wont utilize the central nervous system

- nervous tracts don’t leave the digestive system

61
Q

Describe an example thats applicable to intrinsic plexi

A

First stretch of the stomach will begin to activate the stomach

62
Q

Describe extrinsic plexi

A

utilizes the central nervous system

63
Q

Describe an example that is applicable to extrinsic plexi

A
  • A sensory message is sent from the small intestine to the brain
  • A motor message is then sent from the brain to the stomach
64
Q

Describe the role that hormones can play in regards to the digestive system

A

glandular secretion of hormones can affect the digestive tract elsewhere in the body

65
Q

Discuss what the mesentery

A
  • a double layered peritoneum

- will anchor the abdominal organs to abdominal wall

66
Q

Identify the four tunics that make up the digestive tract

A
  • muscularis externa
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • serosa
67
Q

What tissue is found in the mucosa tunic of the digestive tract?

A

composed of epithelial tissue

- made up of mostly columnar epithelium and goblet cells

68
Q

List the roles of mucosa

A

functions in absorption, protection, secretion of: mucus, enzymes, hormones

69
Q

What tissue makes up the submucosa?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

70
Q

What is contained in the submucosa?

A

lymphatic vessels, nerves, glands, blood vessels

71
Q

What is the tissue/muscle found in the muscularis externa?

A

Smooth involuntary muscle

72
Q

How does the muscularis externa utilize smooth muscle?

A

-works in mechanical digestion, mixing and movement

73
Q

What is the serosa similar to?

A

adventitia

74
Q

Discuss ways that the serosa is similar to adventitia.

A
  • serosa occurs below the diaphragm while the adventitia occurs above the diaphragm
  • esophagus has serosa on the lower portion while adventitia is found on the upper portion
75
Q

Describe how serosa is related to the serous membrane

A
  • Serosa is part of the serous membrane

- visceral peritoneum which acts as the outer covering of the abdominal organs

76
Q

T/F: Intrinsic nerve plexus are the only type of nerve plexus that require the central nervous system to function.

A

false, intrinsic nerve plexus DON’T require the central nevrous system in order to function

77
Q

Identify the types of intrinsic nerve plexus

A
  • sub mucosal nerve plexus

- myenteric nerve plexus

78
Q

What is a myenteric nerve plexus?

A
  • Between two different layers of muscles

- Linked to movement or motility

79
Q

What is a submucosa nerve plexus?

A
  • Located in the submucosa

- Involves muscles and glands just oustide of submucosa

80
Q

What is the role between submucosal nerve plexus and glands

A

This plexus acts on glands to secrete substances and the contraction of muscles

81
Q

T/F: the central nervous system does not have the same effects to the same areas innervated by submucosal and myenteric

A

false

82
Q

What is the role of the oral/buccal cavity?

A
  • lips and cheeks will prevent food from escaping

- Only side of ingestion

83
Q

Outside of ingestion what else does the oral buccal cavity include?

A
  • chemical digestion, mechanical digestion, and propulsion

- for chemical digestion only have the starting of digestion of carbohydrates (starches)

84
Q

List characteristics of the palate

A
  • roof of the mouth
  • changes from bony to soft to enable you to breathe while eating
  • two portions
  • contains the uvula to block the nasal cavity
85
Q

Distinguish the the different portions that makeup the palate

A
  • Soft: back part, fleshy

- Hard:front portion, bony, this portion of the palate can be used by the tongue to compact and compress food

86
Q

List characteristics of the tongue

A
  • muscular organ
  • papillae
  • this organ will move and mix food
  • clumps food into bolus
  • involved deglutition
87
Q

Define a bolus

A

Ball-shaped mixture of food and saliva that was clumped together by the tongue

88
Q

Distinguish the types of papillaery

A
  • fungiform: taste buds

- filiform: most abundant and offers grip to move food around

89
Q

List characteristics of the salivary glands

A
  • cleans our mouth even when not eating
  • contains enzymes
  • fluids help to dissolve foods and moisten
90
Q

Why is it necessary for there to be fluid present in the salivary glands?

A

Because the fluid allows for the salivary glands to become biologically active

91
Q

What kind of enzymes can be found in the salivary glands?

A

Salivary amalyze which can help in breaking down starch

92
Q

Distinguish the types of cells that can be found in the salivary glands

A
  • serous
  • mucous
  • mixture of serous and mucous
93
Q

Distinguish the types of salivary glands

A
  • parotid salivary gland: back of oral cavity and contains serous cells
  • submandibular gland: contains both serous and mucous cells
  • sublingual salivary glands: underneath the tongue and contain mucous cells
94
Q

Describe the circumstances for level of activity for sublingual salivary glands

A

When thinking of or actually engaging in eating activity will increase

95
Q

What process do teeth utilize?

A

mastication

96
Q

How many teeth are in our primary set?

A

20 total which will be acquired by the time a person is 2 years old

97
Q

How many teeth are in our permanent set of teeth?

A

32

98
Q

Describe the type of tissue found in the external sphincter of the large intestine)

A

skeletal

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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