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Biolo 2230 > Unit 1- Endocrine Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1- Endocrine Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid

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2
Q

Describe the composition of the thyroid gland

A

A gland made up of follicles that are made of epithelial cells
storage unit called a colloid- store thyroglobulin
parafollicular cells- make calcitonin

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3
Q

What role does the thyroid gland play in the body?

A

Major metabolic regulator

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4
Q

How does the thyroid gland act like a metabolic regulator?

A
  • increases metabolic rate and heat production
  • calorigenic effect
  • maintain blood pressure
  • regulates tissue growth and development
  • influences reproductive systems
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5
Q

What is the calorigenic effect?

A
  • oxidation of glucose to make ATP
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6
Q

How does the thyroid gland maintain blood pressure?

A
  • increase the # of adrenergic receptors

- increase vasoconstriction: results in high blood pressure b/c it decreases size of blood vessels

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7
Q

Why is the thyroid gland unique?

A

-Unlike other glands it can store the hormones that it produces

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8
Q

What is the diurnal cycle?

A

TSH peaks before sleep and remains high at night
TH is produced at night
production is inhibited by sun

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9
Q

What type of hormone is TH

A

Amino-acid based but acts like a steroid requires transporter proteins

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10
Q

What is TBG

A
  • Thyroid binding globulins
  • Transport T3 and T4
  • produced in liver
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11
Q

How does TH move through the body

A

T3 and T4 bind to TBG which carry them to the target cells where they bind to an intracellular receptor, then transcription cfan occur

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12
Q

What inhibits TH

A
  • High levels of T4 inhibits
    the production of TSH (in
    adenohypophysis)
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13
Q

What type of mechanism is used for thyroid feedback

A

humoral mechanism

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14
Q

What are some things that can inhibit TSH

A
  • GHIH (somatostatin)
  • high levels of
    glucocorticoid
  • high levels of sex
    hormones
  • high levels of iodine
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15
Q

What are some things that can stimulate the production of TH

A
  • Low levels of TH activates adenohypophysis to produce TSH

- Falling levels of T4 stimulate TH production

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16
Q

What do parafollicular cells produce?

A
  • Produce calcitonin
17
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • Lowers blood calcium
  • inhibit osteoclast activity
  • stimulates calcium uptake out of the blood deposit into cells
18
Q

Why is calcitonin important

A
  • Plays a large role in childhood development

- Most important in periods of rapid skeletal growth and reformation

19
Q

What acts as an antagonist to calcitonin?

A

PTH (parathyroid)

20
Q

What kind of cells can be found in parathyroid?

A

Glandular: chief cells and oxyphill cells

21
Q

Under what conditions will aldosterone be secreted?

A
  • High potassium

- Low sodium levels, low blood volume, and low blood pressure

22
Q

What does acinar cells produce?

A

Produce enzymes, exocrine

23
Q

What do the islets of langherhans produce? What kind of cells can be found here?

A
  • Produce glucagon and insulin

- Alpha and Beta cells

24
Q

What kind of stimulation is the glucagon feedback? (Answer in regards to parasympathetic or sympathetic)

A

Sympathetic stimulation of medulla will promote release

25
Q

What kind of stimulation is the insulin feedback? ( Answer in regards to parasympathetic and sympathetic)

A

Parasympathetic which allows for release of acetylcholine stimulates release.

26
Q

What causes activation of the glucagon feedback? What causes activation of the insulin feedback?

A

Glucagon: Low blood sugar and high amino acid levels

Insulin: High blood sugar, and high levels of fatty acids and amino acids.

27
Q

Where are more receptors from ACTH found?

A

Superficial zone

28
Q

Describe the structure of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

A

Modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons

29
Q

What is the name of the active form of vitamin D? Where in the body is inactive Vitamin D converted to an active form?

A
  • calcitroil

- kidney

30
Q

What is the role of mineralcorticoids?

A

Mineral balance in blood steam like salt

31
Q

What is the role of glucocorticoids?

A

Its role is linked to sugar balance

32
Q

What is the role of gonadocorticoids?

A

Help to produce sex hormones

33
Q

What corticosteroid can be found in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralcorticoids

34
Q

What corticosteroid can be found in the zona fasiculate?

A

Gluccocorticoids

35
Q

What corticoids can be found in zona reticularis?

A

Gonadocorticoids

36
Q

What mechanism will mostly affect glucocorticoids?

A

ACTH

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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