Unit 2- Heart Flashcards
How does increasing the after load impact the stroke volume
Decreases it
Describe the mediastinum compartment of the heart
Mediastinum is the compartment in the middle of the chest
Describe the base compartment of the heart
Base is the top of our heart
Describe the apex compartment of the heart
Apex is the bottom/base of the heart
Describe the structure of the pericardium
The pericardium is a double wall sac that surrounds the heart
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium
Attaches to the thoracic cavity to hold everything in place; overall it is going to anchor and protect the heart
Describe the composition of the fibrous pericardium
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Describe the coverings of the heart from deep to superficial
visceral pericardium -> pericardial cavity -> parietal pericardium -> fibrous pericardium
What layers does the serous pericardium divide into?
- Parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium
Describe the visceral pericardium layer of the serous pericardium
Is the outer surface of the heart (aka the epicardium)
Describe the parietal pericardium layer of the heart
Belongs to the cavity and is deep to the fibrous pericardium
What are the 3 layers that can be found in the heart
myocardium, epicardium, endocardium
Describe the pericardial cavity of the heart
This cavity contains pericardial fluid that is going to be between the visceral and parietal pericaridum laters
What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid?
To prevent the heart from overheating and reduced friction
Describe the epicardium layer
- Outer layer of the three
- Composition: same as visceral layer of pericardium ( connective tissue
Describe the endocardium layer:
- Inner/deepest layer of the three
- Composition: Squamous epithelial tissue and thin connective tissue to anchor it to muscle
Describe the myocardium layer
- Middle layer of the 3 layers
- Composed: cardiac muscle
Describe what occurs to the four chambers after birth
The four chambers become separated
Describe the atria
the top two chambers ; because there are two there is a R/L
Describe the ventricles
The bottom two chambers: because there are two there will be a R/L
What difference is there in regards to the left and right ventricle?
The left ventricle is more muscular since the left ventricle has to pump blood to the entire body
Describe the interatrial septum
Separate the left and right atria
Describe the interventricular septum
Separate the left and right ventricle
Whats another name for the coronary sulcus?
Atrioventricular groove
Describe the coronary sulcus
A depression/groove that blood vessels will run thru
will run right where atria stops and ventricles start
Describe the interventricular groove
Depression that runs between the left and right ventricles
will also house blood vessels as well
Describe the structures that are related to the atria
- foramen ovais
- auricles
- pectinate muscles
Describe the pectinate muscles
Muscles that will line the atria
Describe the structure of the auricles
-The external extension of the atria
What is the purpose of the auricles
Increase the SA so that the atira is able to hold more blood
Describe the structure of the foramen ovais
- Prior to birth, this was a hole in the interatrial septum ( between the atrium) called the foramen ovali.
- This hole provided a shortcut for blood to bypass the right ventricle since the embryo wasn’t using its lungs to breathe
- The foramen ovalis is the remenscne of the hole which closed up right after birth
What is the foramen ovali
The hole that is present in an UNborn baby that acts as a shortcut to allow blood to bypass the right ventricle since the UNborn baby wasn’t using its lungs yet
Describe structures in the ventricles
- papillary muscles
- trabeculae carneae
Describe the structure of trabeculae carneae
Muscles of the ventricle walls
Describe the structure of papillary muscles
-Muscles extending into the ventricles
What is the function of papillary muscles
The anchoring and regulating the functioning of the valves that separate the atria from the ventricles ( preventing the inversion of valves and backflow of blood)
List the chmaber-related blood vessels
- vena cava
- pulmonary veins
- aorta
- pulmonary arteries
- coronary sinus
What are the pulmonary arteries also called?
-Left and right pulmonary veins
Describe the superior vena cava
- Attaches to the right attrium
- Drains head and neck and will meet back up in the back of the right attrium
Describe the inferior vena cava
- Attaches to the right atrium
- Drains the rest of the body and meets back up in the back of the right atrium
Describe the coronary sinus
- Empty into the right atrium
- Drain all of the blood that went to the heart muscle itself
Describe the pulmonary veins
Veins from BOTH lungs that enter into the left atrium
Describe the pulmonary arteries (Right/Left pulmonary veins)
- Will come out of the right ventricle and to the lungs
- Sometimes called the pulmonary trunk which branches into left and right pulmonary arteries
Describe the structure of the aorta
Leaves the left ventricle and will carry blood to the rest of the body
How many times will blood enter and leave the heart?
twice
Where can capillary beds be found
lungs and in body tissue
What occurs in the capillary bed that is found in the lungs
Picking up oxygen and leaving waste
What occurs in the capillary bed in the body tissue?
Delivering oxygen
Identify the two circuits that can be found in the body
- systematic
- pulmonary
Describe the function of the pulmonary circuit
- will leave the right side of the body
- exchanges gases with lungs (oxygen and waste such as CO2)
Describe the function of the systematic circuit
- Leaves the left side of the body
- Delivers O2 to the body tissues
Describe the benefits of oxygen rich blood being separated from oxygen poor blood
This separation makes the process more efficient and its advantageous
Which arteries will generally get plugged with plaques and deposits
Coronary arteries
What is the function of the coronary artery?
Supplies blood to the heart muscle itself
Where will the coronary artery branch off to?
Coronary artery will first branch off to the aorta.
What is the role of the cardiac veins?
Collection of all blood brought by the coronary arteries and return it to the heart chambers for recirculation
Describe the coronary sinus
Where cardiac veins will enter into the coronary sulcus, which enter the coronary sinus and then into the right atrium
Describe the anastomoses
Connection of blood vessels (alternative pathway)
Why is having anastomoses important?
Because it enables blood from multiple sources to be delivered to a particular area even if one gets block we still have blood supply
What valves does the atrioventricular valves refer to
Tricupsid valve and bicupsid valve
Where are the tricuspid valves located? How many cusps are in the tricuspid valve?
- Between RIGHT atrium and RIGHT ventricle
- 3 cusps
Where are the bicuspid valves located? How many cusps are present in this valve?
- Between left atrium and left ventricle
- 2 cusps
Whats another name for the bicupsid valve?
mitral
Describe when the atrioventricular valves will open.
-These valves open when the blood pressure is higher in the atrium than the pressure in the ventricles
Describe when blood can be pumped out of the ventricles
The pressure in the ventricles is higher than the pressure in the atrium
Describe the areas that the atrioventricular will connect
- Connects the right atrium to the right ventricle
- Connects the left atrium to the left ventricle
Describe the difference that can be seen from the right side vs the left side (answer in regards to pressure)
The right side has less pressure than the left side due to the muscle difference
Describe the cordae tendinae
String like structures that connect the flaps to the papillary muscles in the ventricles
Describe the place of location that the semilunar valves will exist
The valves existing between the ventricles and arteries (that carry blood away).
What valves does the semilunar valves refer to?
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
Where is the aortic valve located?
Between the aorta and left ventricle
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
Between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle
How do valves regulate blood flow?
Regulate blood flow thru the heart by establishing pressure gradients
How are pressure gradients established in the heart?
Asynchronous contraction of the heart where the atria beats as a unit and the ventricles beat as a unit ONCE the atria relaxes
Describe the composition of cardiac muscles
- Striations
- ONE nuclei (uninucleated)
- intercalated disc
How does cardiac muscle function?
function as a unit (highly branched functional syncytium)
What are characteristics of cardiac muscle
- Uses the sliding filament mechanism
- Connections where the desmosomes and gap junctions link adjacent cells to form intercalated disc
Describe the steps involved in blood flow in the heart
Right atrium->tricupsid valve-> right ventricle ->pulmonary valve->pulmonary artery -> lung->pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> bicupsid valve->left ventricle-> aortic valve-> aorta-> rest of the body->vena cava-> (starts back again at the right atrium)
