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Biolo 2230 > Unit 2- Heart > Flashcards

Unit 2- Heart Flashcards

1
Q

How does increasing the after load impact the stroke volume

A

Decreases it

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2
Q

Describe the mediastinum compartment of the heart

A

Mediastinum is the compartment in the middle of the chest

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3
Q

Describe the base compartment of the heart

A

Base is the top of our heart

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4
Q

Describe the apex compartment of the heart

A

Apex is the bottom/base of the heart

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the pericardium

A

The pericardium is a double wall sac that surrounds the heart

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6
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

Attaches to the thoracic cavity to hold everything in place; overall it is going to anchor and protect the heart

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7
Q

Describe the composition of the fibrous pericardium

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

Describe the coverings of the heart from deep to superficial

A

visceral pericardium -> pericardial cavity -> parietal pericardium -> fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

What layers does the serous pericardium divide into?

A
  • Parietal pericardium

- visceral pericardium

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10
Q

Describe the visceral pericardium layer of the serous pericardium

A

Is the outer surface of the heart (aka the epicardium)

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11
Q

Describe the parietal pericardium layer of the heart

A

Belongs to the cavity and is deep to the fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

What are the 3 layers that can be found in the heart

A

myocardium, epicardium, endocardium

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13
Q

Describe the pericardial cavity of the heart

A

This cavity contains pericardial fluid that is going to be between the visceral and parietal pericaridum laters

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid?

A

To prevent the heart from overheating and reduced friction

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15
Q

Describe the epicardium layer

A
  • Outer layer of the three

- Composition: same as visceral layer of pericardium ( connective tissue

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16
Q

Describe the endocardium layer:

A
  • Inner/deepest layer of the three

- Composition: Squamous epithelial tissue and thin connective tissue to anchor it to muscle

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17
Q

Describe the myocardium layer

A
  • Middle layer of the 3 layers

- Composed: cardiac muscle

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18
Q

Describe what occurs to the four chambers after birth

A

The four chambers become separated

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19
Q

Describe the atria

A

the top two chambers ; because there are two there is a R/L

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20
Q

Describe the ventricles

A

The bottom two chambers: because there are two there will be a R/L

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21
Q

What difference is there in regards to the left and right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle is more muscular since the left ventricle has to pump blood to the entire body

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22
Q

Describe the interatrial septum

A

Separate the left and right atria

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23
Q

Describe the interventricular septum

A

Separate the left and right ventricle

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24
Q

Whats another name for the coronary sulcus?

A

Atrioventricular groove

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25
Q

Describe the coronary sulcus

A

A depression/groove that blood vessels will run thru

will run right where atria stops and ventricles start

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26
Q

Describe the interventricular groove

A

Depression that runs between the left and right ventricles

will also house blood vessels as well

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27
Q

Describe the structures that are related to the atria

A
  • foramen ovais
  • auricles
  • pectinate muscles
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28
Q

Describe the pectinate muscles

A

Muscles that will line the atria

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29
Q

Describe the structure of the auricles

A

-The external extension of the atria

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the auricles

A

Increase the SA so that the atira is able to hold more blood

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31
Q

Describe the structure of the foramen ovais

A
  • Prior to birth, this was a hole in the interatrial septum ( between the atrium) called the foramen ovali.
  • This hole provided a shortcut for blood to bypass the right ventricle since the embryo wasn’t using its lungs to breathe
  • The foramen ovalis is the remenscne of the hole which closed up right after birth
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32
Q

What is the foramen ovali

A

The hole that is present in an UNborn baby that acts as a shortcut to allow blood to bypass the right ventricle since the UNborn baby wasn’t using its lungs yet

33
Q

Describe structures in the ventricles

A
  • papillary muscles

- trabeculae carneae

34
Q

Describe the structure of trabeculae carneae

A

Muscles of the ventricle walls

35
Q

Describe the structure of papillary muscles

A

-Muscles extending into the ventricles

36
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles

A

The anchoring and regulating the functioning of the valves that separate the atria from the ventricles ( preventing the inversion of valves and backflow of blood)

37
Q

List the chmaber-related blood vessels

A
  • vena cava
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
  • pulmonary arteries
  • coronary sinus
38
Q

What are the pulmonary arteries also called?

A

-Left and right pulmonary veins

39
Q

Describe the superior vena cava

A
  • Attaches to the right attrium

- Drains head and neck and will meet back up in the back of the right attrium

40
Q

Describe the inferior vena cava

A
  • Attaches to the right atrium

- Drains the rest of the body and meets back up in the back of the right atrium

41
Q

Describe the coronary sinus

A
  • Empty into the right atrium

- Drain all of the blood that went to the heart muscle itself

42
Q

Describe the pulmonary veins

A

Veins from BOTH lungs that enter into the left atrium

43
Q

Describe the pulmonary arteries (Right/Left pulmonary veins)

A
  • Will come out of the right ventricle and to the lungs

- Sometimes called the pulmonary trunk which branches into left and right pulmonary arteries

44
Q

Describe the structure of the aorta

A

Leaves the left ventricle and will carry blood to the rest of the body

45
Q

How many times will blood enter and leave the heart?

A

twice

46
Q

Where can capillary beds be found

A

lungs and in body tissue

47
Q

What occurs in the capillary bed that is found in the lungs

A

Picking up oxygen and leaving waste

48
Q

What occurs in the capillary bed in the body tissue?

A

Delivering oxygen

49
Q

Identify the two circuits that can be found in the body

A
  • systematic

- pulmonary

50
Q

Describe the function of the pulmonary circuit

A
  • will leave the right side of the body

- exchanges gases with lungs (oxygen and waste such as CO2)

51
Q

Describe the function of the systematic circuit

A
  • Leaves the left side of the body

- Delivers O2 to the body tissues

52
Q

Describe the benefits of oxygen rich blood being separated from oxygen poor blood

A

This separation makes the process more efficient and its advantageous

53
Q

Which arteries will generally get plugged with plaques and deposits

A

Coronary arteries

54
Q

What is the function of the coronary artery?

A

Supplies blood to the heart muscle itself

55
Q

Where will the coronary artery branch off to?

A

Coronary artery will first branch off to the aorta.

56
Q

What is the role of the cardiac veins?

A

Collection of all blood brought by the coronary arteries and return it to the heart chambers for recirculation

57
Q

Describe the coronary sinus

A

Where cardiac veins will enter into the coronary sulcus, which enter the coronary sinus and then into the right atrium

58
Q

Describe the anastomoses

A

Connection of blood vessels (alternative pathway)

59
Q

Why is having anastomoses important?

A

Because it enables blood from multiple sources to be delivered to a particular area even if one gets block we still have blood supply

60
Q

What valves does the atrioventricular valves refer to

A

Tricupsid valve and bicupsid valve

61
Q

Where are the tricuspid valves located? How many cusps are in the tricuspid valve?

A
  • Between RIGHT atrium and RIGHT ventricle

- 3 cusps

62
Q

Where are the bicuspid valves located? How many cusps are present in this valve?

A
  • Between left atrium and left ventricle

- 2 cusps

63
Q

Whats another name for the bicupsid valve?

A

mitral

64
Q

Describe when the atrioventricular valves will open.

A

-These valves open when the blood pressure is higher in the atrium than the pressure in the ventricles

65
Q

Describe when blood can be pumped out of the ventricles

A

The pressure in the ventricles is higher than the pressure in the atrium

66
Q

Describe the areas that the atrioventricular will connect

A
  • Connects the right atrium to the right ventricle

- Connects the left atrium to the left ventricle

67
Q

Describe the difference that can be seen from the right side vs the left side (answer in regards to pressure)

A

The right side has less pressure than the left side due to the muscle difference

68
Q

Describe the cordae tendinae

A

String like structures that connect the flaps to the papillary muscles in the ventricles

69
Q

Describe the place of location that the semilunar valves will exist

A

The valves existing between the ventricles and arteries (that carry blood away).

70
Q

What valves does the semilunar valves refer to?

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

71
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Between the aorta and left ventricle

72
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle

73
Q

How do valves regulate blood flow?

A

Regulate blood flow thru the heart by establishing pressure gradients

74
Q

How are pressure gradients established in the heart?

A

Asynchronous contraction of the heart where the atria beats as a unit and the ventricles beat as a unit ONCE the atria relaxes

75
Q

Describe the composition of cardiac muscles

A
  • Striations
  • ONE nuclei (uninucleated)
  • intercalated disc
76
Q

How does cardiac muscle function?

A

function as a unit (highly branched functional syncytium)

77
Q

What are characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Uses the sliding filament mechanism

- Connections where the desmosomes and gap junctions link adjacent cells to form intercalated disc

78
Q

Describe the steps involved in blood flow in the heart

A

Right atrium->tricupsid valve-> right ventricle ->pulmonary valve->pulmonary artery -> lung->pulmonary vein-> left atrium-> bicupsid valve->left ventricle-> aortic valve-> aorta-> rest of the body->vena cava-> (starts back again at the right atrium)

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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