Unit 3- Misc. Flashcards
What kind of pressure do proteins that have gotten into circulation create?
osmotic pressure which helps in the regulation of fluid movement in and out of the blood capillaries.
The maintenance of blood volume is also linked to what?
the maintenance of blood pressure
In regards to the mini valve system when will the valves OPEN?
when the interstitial fluid pressure becomes HIGH
In regards to the mini valve system, when will the valves CLOSE?
when the interstitual fluid pressure becomes LOW
t/f: blood capillaries are larger than lymphatic capillaries
false; lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries
What kind of cells makes up lymphatic capillaries?
endothelial (squamous et) cells
t/f: lymphatic collecting vessels have 3 tunics where the tunica media is less than the tunica media in the veins
true
Where does the thoracic duct originate from?
the cisterna chyli which is in the lumbar region
What has to be true in order for lymph to move into circulation?
The pressure has to be lower in the veins than in the ducts/trunks in order for lymph to move into circulation
t/f: Fluid in the lymphatic duct is under higher pressure, however the blood in large veins is under lower pressure
true; (fluid in duct is still under low pressure however it isn’t as low as the pressure for blood in large veins)
Regarding the respiratory pump what kind of pressure does breathing create?
Breathing creates low pressure in the thoracic cavity, this allows for lymph to move into these low pressure areas
Where can lymphatic capillaries not be found?
in bone or nervous system; CAN be found in digestive organs
Where can lymphatic capillaries be found?
digest
_______ and ______ have smooth muscle in their walls.
thoracic ducts and lymphatic trunks
When lymphocytes leave bone morrow where will they accumulate at?
lymphoid tissue
What can lympodema also be a result from?
congestion
What is a charactersitic that is associated with lymphedema?
swelling
What will b cells produce when they come into contact with something foreign?
They produce plasma cells and those plasma cells will then produce antibodies
t/f: b cells and t cells are both specific
true
t/f: a person gets immunoreceptors after they’re exposed
false
What process do t cells use to directly kill foreign things?
cell lysis
What do macrophages also activate?
T-lymphocytes
What is a difference seen between the macrophages and dendritic cells?
dendritic cells will sacarfice themselfs by thru activating t-lymphocytes which will come kill the foreign substance as well as the dendritic cells with the antigen that it has engulfed.
Regarding lymphocytes, how are receptors determined?
receptors are determined thru genetics
Which kind of lymphoid cell will not process lymph?
reticular cells
What areas will you see reticular connective tissue
nodular areas
What are nodular areas often called?
germinal centers
Describe the difference in filtration between spleen and lymph nodes.
lymph nodes filters lymph while spleen filters blood
What kind of tissue is present in the spleen?
connective tissue
Where are thymocytes found?
stroma
Why does the flow of lymph slow down when exiting via efferent vessels?
there are less efferent vessels than there are afferent.
Describe the makeup of the spleen
white pulp, red pulp, capsule, cortex, and medulla
In regards to the thymus, what component is similar to reticular cells that can be found in the thymus
thymocytes
What is the role of thymbocytes?
Is a secretory cell which release the hormones of the thymus
Where are all tonsils located?
at the pharynx which is where the oral and nasal cavity meet
What are examples of lysozymes?
salvia and tears
What kind of tissue in the body can secrete mucus?
epithielial tissue
What are monocytes usually attracted to?
neutrophills
What is the systematic response to inflammation
fever
What does immunogenicity mean in regards to immune cells
ability to stimulate immune cells
Define immunogenicity.
Antigens are going to stimulate the increase in specific lympocytes such as t and b lymphocytes
Define reactivity
Activated lymphocytes and antibodies are able to interact with them
Define antigenic determinants
A portion of an antigen can be recognized by the immune system specifically by t cells, b cells, or antibodies
(part of the antigen that is immunogenic)
t/f: self antigens are not genetically determined
false
What is major histocompatibility complex(MHC) and how does it impact other people?
- MHC is the classification of markers on the surface of our cells that allow us to identify as self
- MHC is not immunogenic (meaning our MHC would not activate our immune system); however our MHC would activate another person’s MHC
- MHC varies from person to person
Lymphocyte production(steps)
- Lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow
- B lymphocytes become immunocompotent in bone morrow while T lymphocytes become immunocompotent in thymus
- B and T lymphocytes become mature in secondary lymphoid organs
- They don’t become fully functional until they bind to an antigen
Define antigen challenge
- A type of specific immunity (cell mediated)
- describes the first interaction between antigen and naive immunocompotent lymphocyte
- usually in spleen can also be in lymph nodes
Describe primary humoral response
- Antigen binds to the surface receptors of naive immunocompotent B lymphocyte
- Clonal selection happens where lymphocytes are cloned and then multiply
- Most of the clones produced will become plasma cells which will produce antibodies (have a shelf life about 4-5 days)
- Some clone cells will become memory cells
Describe secondary humoral response
-uses same mechanism that the primary humoral response uses
Identify the differences between secondary and primary humoral responses
Secondary humoral response is going to be more efficient, faster, and longer lasting results which can last for months
Identify the difference between passive vs active in natural humoral immunity
Passive: Infant receiving antibodies from breast milk or embryo receiving antibodies from placenta; naturally acquired
Active: infection where one comes into contact with pathogen; naturally acquired
Identify the difference between passive and active artificial humoral immunity
- Passive: injection of immune serum (gama globulin)(antibody)
- Active: Vaccine: (dead or attenuted pathogens)
Describe the structure of an antibody
- Looks like a Y
- contains both heavy and light chains
- variable region: consist of both heavy and light chains; determines what it binds to
- constant region: consist only of heavy chains ; determining how its destroyed
Where can the antigen binding site be found?
in the variable region
Identify the classifies of antibody
- Ig E
- Ig A
- Ig D
- Ig G
- Ig M
What does Ig E do
people who have allergies have high amounts of this in their blood, usually small levels of Ig E in blood, binds to basophills or mast cells which cause the release of histamine to promote the inflammatory response
What does Ig A do
2 monomers, often found in mucus and epithielial secretion
think a for allegera; allegera helps decrease mucus
What does Ig G do
Most common antibody in the body , not common in people with allergies, fix complement proteins, abundant in late primary humoral response and secondary humoral response, can cross the placenta
What does Ig M do?
5 monomers, first antibody secreted by plasma cells during immune response, beginning of primary humoral response, bind and activate complement proteins, binds up to 10 different antigens, glutination
What is glutination and which classification of antibody does this?
- taking antigen out of circulation and clumping it together
- IgM
What does Ig D do
bind to b-antigens, can bind to two antigens
Blocking the site of pathogens allows for
neturalization to occur where an antigen is neturalized
List the antibody function
- block sites of pathogens
- cause antigens to precipitate
- clumps antigen containing cells
- clumps soluble antigens which makes it easier to kill
- provides a site for complement proteins to bind
- formation of antigen-antibody complex
Describe characteristics of monoclonal antibodies
- related to cell mediated immune response
- commercially made/prepared antibodies
- produced in a lab usually with the purpose of research
- bacteria can be used to do this also
t/f: in cell mediated immune response the t cell only has to bind once with the antigen infected body cell
false, t cell has to bind twice
