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Biolo 2230 > Unit 3- Misc. > Flashcards

Unit 3- Misc. Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of pressure do proteins that have gotten into circulation create?

A

osmotic pressure which helps in the regulation of fluid movement in and out of the blood capillaries.

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2
Q

The maintenance of blood volume is also linked to what?

A

the maintenance of blood pressure

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3
Q

In regards to the mini valve system when will the valves OPEN?

A

when the interstitial fluid pressure becomes HIGH

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4
Q

In regards to the mini valve system, when will the valves CLOSE?

A

when the interstitual fluid pressure becomes LOW

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5
Q

t/f: blood capillaries are larger than lymphatic capillaries

A

false; lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger than blood capillaries

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6
Q

What kind of cells makes up lymphatic capillaries?

A

endothelial (squamous et) cells

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7
Q

t/f: lymphatic collecting vessels have 3 tunics where the tunica media is less than the tunica media in the veins

A

true

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8
Q

Where does the thoracic duct originate from?

A

the cisterna chyli which is in the lumbar region

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9
Q

What has to be true in order for lymph to move into circulation?

A

The pressure has to be lower in the veins than in the ducts/trunks in order for lymph to move into circulation

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10
Q

t/f: Fluid in the lymphatic duct is under higher pressure, however the blood in large veins is under lower pressure

A

true; (fluid in duct is still under low pressure however it isn’t as low as the pressure for blood in large veins)

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11
Q

Regarding the respiratory pump what kind of pressure does breathing create?

A

Breathing creates low pressure in the thoracic cavity, this allows for lymph to move into these low pressure areas

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12
Q

Where can lymphatic capillaries not be found?

A

in bone or nervous system; CAN be found in digestive organs

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13
Q

Where can lymphatic capillaries be found?

A

digest

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14
Q

_______ and ______ have smooth muscle in their walls.

A

thoracic ducts and lymphatic trunks

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15
Q

When lymphocytes leave bone morrow where will they accumulate at?

A

lymphoid tissue

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16
Q

What can lympodema also be a result from?

A

congestion

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17
Q

What is a charactersitic that is associated with lymphedema?

A

swelling

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18
Q

What will b cells produce when they come into contact with something foreign?

A

They produce plasma cells and those plasma cells will then produce antibodies

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19
Q

t/f: b cells and t cells are both specific

A

true

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20
Q

t/f: a person gets immunoreceptors after they’re exposed

A

false

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21
Q

What process do t cells use to directly kill foreign things?

A

cell lysis

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22
Q

What do macrophages also activate?

A

T-lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is a difference seen between the macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

dendritic cells will sacarfice themselfs by thru activating t-lymphocytes which will come kill the foreign substance as well as the dendritic cells with the antigen that it has engulfed.

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24
Q

Regarding lymphocytes, how are receptors determined?

A

receptors are determined thru genetics

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25
Q

Which kind of lymphoid cell will not process lymph?

A

reticular cells

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26
Q

What areas will you see reticular connective tissue

A

nodular areas

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27
Q

What are nodular areas often called?

A

germinal centers

28
Q

Describe the difference in filtration between spleen and lymph nodes.

A

lymph nodes filters lymph while spleen filters blood

29
Q

What kind of tissue is present in the spleen?

A

connective tissue

30
Q

Where are thymocytes found?

A

stroma

31
Q

Why does the flow of lymph slow down when exiting via efferent vessels?

A

there are less efferent vessels than there are afferent.

32
Q

Describe the makeup of the spleen

A

white pulp, red pulp, capsule, cortex, and medulla

33
Q

In regards to the thymus, what component is similar to reticular cells that can be found in the thymus

A

thymocytes

34
Q

What is the role of thymbocytes?

A

Is a secretory cell which release the hormones of the thymus

35
Q

Where are all tonsils located?

A

at the pharynx which is where the oral and nasal cavity meet

36
Q

What are examples of lysozymes?

A

salvia and tears

37
Q

What kind of tissue in the body can secrete mucus?

A

epithielial tissue

38
Q

What are monocytes usually attracted to?

A

neutrophills

39
Q

What is the systematic response to inflammation

A

fever

40
Q

What does immunogenicity mean in regards to immune cells

A

ability to stimulate immune cells

41
Q

Define immunogenicity.

A

Antigens are going to stimulate the increase in specific lympocytes such as t and b lymphocytes

42
Q

Define reactivity

A

Activated lymphocytes and antibodies are able to interact with them

43
Q

Define antigenic determinants

A

A portion of an antigen can be recognized by the immune system specifically by t cells, b cells, or antibodies

(part of the antigen that is immunogenic)

44
Q

t/f: self antigens are not genetically determined

A

false

45
Q

What is major histocompatibility complex(MHC) and how does it impact other people?

A
  • MHC is the classification of markers on the surface of our cells that allow us to identify as self
  • MHC is not immunogenic (meaning our MHC would not activate our immune system); however our MHC would activate another person’s MHC
  • MHC varies from person to person
46
Q

Lymphocyte production(steps)

A
  1. Lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow
  2. B lymphocytes become immunocompotent in bone morrow while T lymphocytes become immunocompotent in thymus
  3. B and T lymphocytes become mature in secondary lymphoid organs
  4. They don’t become fully functional until they bind to an antigen
47
Q

Define antigen challenge

A
  • A type of specific immunity (cell mediated)
  • describes the first interaction between antigen and naive immunocompotent lymphocyte
  • usually in spleen can also be in lymph nodes
48
Q

Describe primary humoral response

A
  1. Antigen binds to the surface receptors of naive immunocompotent B lymphocyte
  2. Clonal selection happens where lymphocytes are cloned and then multiply
  3. Most of the clones produced will become plasma cells which will produce antibodies (have a shelf life about 4-5 days)
  4. Some clone cells will become memory cells
49
Q

Describe secondary humoral response

A

-uses same mechanism that the primary humoral response uses

50
Q

Identify the differences between secondary and primary humoral responses

A

Secondary humoral response is going to be more efficient, faster, and longer lasting results which can last for months

51
Q

Identify the difference between passive vs active in natural humoral immunity

A

Passive: Infant receiving antibodies from breast milk or embryo receiving antibodies from placenta; naturally acquired
Active: infection where one comes into contact with pathogen; naturally acquired

52
Q

Identify the difference between passive and active artificial humoral immunity

A
  • Passive: injection of immune serum (gama globulin)(antibody)
  • Active: Vaccine: (dead or attenuted pathogens)
53
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A
  • Looks like a Y
  • contains both heavy and light chains
  • variable region: consist of both heavy and light chains; determines what it binds to
  • constant region: consist only of heavy chains ; determining how its destroyed
54
Q

Where can the antigen binding site be found?

A

in the variable region

55
Q

Identify the classifies of antibody

A
  • Ig E
  • Ig A
  • Ig D
  • Ig G
  • Ig M
56
Q

What does Ig E do

A

people who have allergies have high amounts of this in their blood, usually small levels of Ig E in blood, binds to basophills or mast cells which cause the release of histamine to promote the inflammatory response

57
Q

What does Ig A do

A

2 monomers, often found in mucus and epithielial secretion

think a for allegera; allegera helps decrease mucus

58
Q

What does Ig G do

A

Most common antibody in the body , not common in people with allergies, fix complement proteins, abundant in late primary humoral response and secondary humoral response, can cross the placenta

59
Q

What does Ig M do?

A

5 monomers, first antibody secreted by plasma cells during immune response, beginning of primary humoral response, bind and activate complement proteins, binds up to 10 different antigens, glutination

60
Q

What is glutination and which classification of antibody does this?

A
  • taking antigen out of circulation and clumping it together

- IgM

61
Q

What does Ig D do

A

bind to b-antigens, can bind to two antigens

62
Q

Blocking the site of pathogens allows for

A

neturalization to occur where an antigen is neturalized

63
Q

List the antibody function

A
  • block sites of pathogens
  • cause antigens to precipitate
  • clumps antigen containing cells
  • clumps soluble antigens which makes it easier to kill
  • provides a site for complement proteins to bind
  • formation of antigen-antibody complex
64
Q

Describe characteristics of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • related to cell mediated immune response
  • commercially made/prepared antibodies
  • produced in a lab usually with the purpose of research
  • bacteria can be used to do this also
65
Q

t/f: in cell mediated immune response the t cell only has to bind once with the antigen infected body cell

A

false, t cell has to bind twice

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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