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Biolo 2230 > Unit 2-Heart Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 2-Heart Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why doesn’t cardiac muscle require nervous stimulus?

A

Because the heart uses an intrinsic method of conduction

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2
Q

What kind of cells are autorhytmeic cells? Where can these cells be found

A
  • Noncontractile, leaky cells

- In the heart muscle

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3
Q

What does leaky cells mean?

A

Cells have an unstable resting membrane potential where there is reduced permeability to potassium ( This means sodium is able to leak in but potassium isn’t moving out)

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4
Q

Describe the movement and type of ion that leads to an action potential.

A

The influx of calcium will cause an action potential

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5
Q

How are the autorhytmic cells connected?

A

Intercalated disk

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6
Q

In regards to the heart muscle, what will an action potential lead to?

A

Muscle contraction

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7
Q

What allows for the inflow of calcium ions during an intrinsic conduction?

A

Threshold being reached and at that threshold ion channels open up which allow for calcium to flow in

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8
Q

Depolarization in the intrinsic conduction is called _____ potential

A

Pacemaker potential

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9
Q

Describe the process that gives rise to the pacemaker potential

A
  • Sodium flows into noncontractile leaky cells
  • Potassium can’t flow out so positive accumulates
  • Once threshold is reached, ion channels open which allow for Calcium to flow in
  • The influx of calcium triggers muscle contraction
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10
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node? What action comes from sinoatrial node?

A

-top right atrium beneath coronary sinus
-Main pacemaker of the heart; generates action potential and depolarization occurs here
(Depolarization starts here)

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11
Q

Where is the AV node? What actions are involved in the AV node?

A
  • top of ventricles

- Directional pathway down the apex: signal shoots down the bundle of his

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12
Q

Where is the bundle his? What actions are associated with the bundle his?

A
  • Middle of the heart and down the interventricular septum

- Branches into the left and right bundles branches

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13
Q

Where is the bundle branches? What action is associated with the bundle branches?

A
  • where the bundle of his has split into right and left

- Sends signal up walls of purkinje fibers

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14
Q

Where are the purkinje fibers? What are the actions associated with Purkinje fibers?

A
  • Ventricle walls at apex

- Deliver impulse to papillary muscle

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15
Q

Describe the type of innervation and effect on heart in the cardioacceleratory center

A
  • Sympathetic innervation

- Increases heart rate

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16
Q

Describe the type of innervation and effect on the heart at the cardioinhibitory center.

A
  • Parasympathetic innervation

- Decreases heart rate: asleep/ at rest

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17
Q

What kind of recording does the ECG reflect?

A

ECG is a graphical recording of electrical events of the heart.

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18
Q

List the types of deflection waves that can occur in a ECG.

A
  • P wave
  • T wave
  • QRS complex
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19
Q

In an ECG, what does the P wave show?

A

-depolarization of the atria

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20
Q

In an ECG, what does the QRS complex show?

A

Depolarization of ventricles

Repolarization of atria

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21
Q

In an ECG, what does the T wave show?

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

22
Q

What information can be drawn from an ECG?

A
  • Diagnosis of disruptions/pathologies in conduction of system heart
  • Heart rate determined by picking any particular portion of ECG and then determining time from that point to the next point.
23
Q

What causes normal heart sounds?(Give broad answer)

A

Closing of valves

24
Q

What cause the LUB sound heard in a normal heart sound?

A

LUB sound comes from the AV (atrioventricular) valve closing

25
Q

What causes the DUP sound heard in a normal heart sound?

A

-DUP sound comes from SL (semilunar ) valves closing

26
Q

What is a murmur

A

A third abnormal sound that results in an extra sound which is caused by the backflow of blood thru the valves.

27
Q

What are components of the cardiac cycle

A
  • Systole and diastole of atria

- Systole and diastole of ventricles

28
Q

In the cardiac cycle, how does blood move?

A

The contraction of the heart chambers (atria and ventricles) creates pressure which moves the blood

29
Q

Describe the contraction and relaxing seen in cardiac cycles.

A

As the atria contracts, the ventricle is relaxing

As the ventricles contract, the atria is relaxing

30
Q

What is the average BP on the LEFT side of the heart:

A

120/80

31
Q

What is the average BP on RIGHT side of the heart?

A

24/8

32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The quantity of blood leaving the heart per minute

The difference between amount of blood at maxmium and the rest amount possible

33
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output

A

stroke volume * heart rate

34
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

The quantity of excess blood that can be pushed thru the heart in times of need

35
Q

What is the average cardiac reserve for our age group?

A

20-26L

36
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Quantity of blood that can be pushed out of the heart during each contraction
The difference between the quantity of blood in ventricles before and after they systolate (contract)

37
Q

What is end diastolic volume?

A

The end systolic volume.

38
Q

What is seen in a tachycardia pathology?

A

-Abnormally high resting heart (bpm >100)

39
Q

What is seen in a bradycardia pathology?

A

Abnormally slow resting heart (BPM <60)

disincludes people who are athletic

40
Q

What is something that will be seen in every type of congestive heart failure?

A

-Low cardiac output

41
Q

What occurs in myocardial infarctions?

A

-Heart attack; lower level of blood supply results in less ability to contract

42
Q

What occurs in high blood pressure?

A

The excess pressure from blood in aorta reduces ejection fraction from heart

Diastolic value

43
Q

Describe the process of heart development.

A
  • embryonic orgin at the mesoderm layer
  • Two separate tubes of endothlieum
  • Tubes fuse together
  • Formation of chamber
  • D-looping( heart flipping and dosing there is a rightward bending)
  • Chamber continues to develop and separate from each other
  • Short cut hole closes at birth and now becomes fossa ovalis
44
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A
  • In an unborn baby this is the connection that will allow blood to bypass the lungs
  • is between the aorta and pulmonary trunk
45
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

-remnants of the ductus arteriosus

46
Q

What is valve sclerosis?

A
  • happens due to age
  • build up of plaque of raphe which makes them more thick
  • reduced cardiac output
  • valves become less functional-> blood leakage
  • natural process
47
Q

What happens in decreased cardiac reserve?

A

Indirect relationship where as you age there is a loss in the ability to have a large cardiac reserve

48
Q

What happens in fibrosis of myocardium?

A
  • Failing to use the myocardium can result in atropy where it becomes noncontractile tissue
  • Loss in ability to contract strongly
49
Q

What happens in atherosclerosis

A
  • Buildup of plaque and deposits along the inside of blood vessels
  • This reduces the diameter of the blood vessel
50
Q

How can you offset valve sclerosis?

A

Healthy diet that is low in sodium and lipids/fats

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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