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Biolo 2230 > Unit 1- Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 1- Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of testes?

A

Sperm production and production of androgen (such as testerone)

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2
Q

What are androgens?

A

The Classification for male sex hormones

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3
Q

Describe the structure of testes.

A

The testes are an external organ that is outside of the abdomin al cavity. The testes are comprised of lobules, seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, and epididymis

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4
Q

Why is it important that the testes are located in the scrotum?

A

he scrotum is able to adjust itself in order to maintain optimal temperature. Temperature maintenance is important because sperm is only viable at 3 degrees Celcius lower than the body temperature.

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5
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Acts as a storage site for sperm and collects immature sperm from the testes and allows for them to continue their development

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6
Q

True or False: Sperm has become fully functional by the time it arrives in a woman’s reproductive tract.

A

False, sperm doesn’t become fully functional until it is inside of a woman’s reproductive tract.

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7
Q

Why does sperm sometimes undergo phagocytosis?

A

Sperm will sometimes undergo phagocytosis to ensure that viable sperm is utilized during reproduction.

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8
Q

What are lobules?

A

The segments that the testes are divided into.

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9
Q

What is the actual site for sperm production? ( Be as specific as possible)

A

Seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

Where would mature sperm be found?

A

The lumen of the seminiferous tubule

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11
Q

Describe the structure of the lumen.

A

The lumen is a cavity that is found in the seminiferous tubule that connects to the epididymis and ductus deferens

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12
Q

What is the role of the tubulus rectus? Describe the structure of the tubulus rectus.

A

Tubulus rectus is a one way straight tubulue that acts as a passageway for sperm to move into the rete.

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13
Q

What is the role of the rete testis

A

The location where all of the tubulus rectus merge together

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14
Q

What is the role of the efferent ductulues?

A

Act as an exit for the rete testis

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15
Q

Where are the intersitiial cells of leydig found and what is the role of these cell?

A

The interstitial cells of leydig are found between the seminiferous tubulues

The interstitial cells of leydig produce sex hormones( also refered to as andorgens) like testosterone

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16
Q

What organ is responsible for absorbing heat?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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17
Q

Describe the passage for Testicular Blood Flow

A

Blood will be supplied via the testicular arteries where it will then pass thru the pampinform plexus. The blood is then drained by the testicular veins

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18
Q

Why is the role of the pampinform plexus so important?

A

It ensures that viable sperm is produced

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the scrotum.

A

The scrotum is a sac like structure that is made up of superficial fascia and skin

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20
Q

What finding came about sperm production came out of mens fashion in the 1980s?

A

That temperature is a key component in producing viable sperm and if sperm is kept at too high of a temperature it can lead to a reduction in sperm count

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21
Q

How does the scrotum allow for maintence of optimal temperature?

A

Does so through either the contraction or relaxing of two muscles: via dartos and cremaster muscles

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22
Q

How does the via dartos muscle play a role in maintaining the temperature of the testes?

A

This muscle will contract and bring the scrotum closer to the body if the temperature is too low

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23
Q

How does cremaster muscles allow for the maintenance of optimal temperature of testes?

A

This muscle will relax and pull the scrotum away from the body if the temperature is too high.

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24
Q

True or false: In the scrotum testes are not separated into compartments

A

False

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25
Q

Describe the structure of the penis.

A

The penis is a specialized copulatory organ that is comprised of cavernous epithelial tissue.

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26
Q

What three components make up the penis?

A
  • Glans (head)
  • Prepuce (foreskin)
  • Corpus(shaft)
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27
Q

What is the foreskin on a penis referred to as?

A

prepuce

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28
Q

Under what circumstances would the prepuce not be present on a penis?

A

When a male child is first born this child can undergo a procedure known as circumcison which involves the removal of this foreskin.

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29
Q

What is the PRIMARY function/purpose of the penis?

A

To depsoit/deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

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30
Q

What system also utilizes the penis?

A

Urinary system

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31
Q

What muscle surrounds the urthera? Why is this muscle presence important?

A

The urthera is surrounded by corpus spongiosum

If the corpus spongiosum was not present it would squeeze the urthera shut as the corpus spongiosum becomes engorged.

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32
Q

What kind of tissue can be found in erectile tissue?

A
  • Spongy network of connective tissue
  • Smooth muscle
  • Vascular space
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33
Q

What is the role of the corpora cavernosa?

A

Facilitate penile errections and becomes engorged with blood

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34
Q

What ducts make up the accessory ducts?

A
  • epipdymis
  • ductus deferens (also called vas deferens)
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
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35
Q

What is the role of the urethra? Describe a differnece you would see in males and females regarding the length of the urthera

A

Role of urehtra: pathway that gametes use and pathway that urine uses

The urethra in men is longer than in women

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36
Q

What is a difference in how men utilize their urthera vs how women utilize their urethra?

A

Men use their urethra as a pathway for gametes and their urinary system

Women ONLY use their urthera for their urinary system.

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37
Q

What will form as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle?

A

Zona pellucida

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38
Q

Describe the myometrium layer of the uterine wall.

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • thick
  • has two layers
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39
Q

When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?

A

After it is fertilized

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40
Q

When is the secondary oocyte formed? When is the secondary oocyte released?

A
  • forms during follicular phase.

- released during ovulation

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41
Q

What does sperm first pass through?

A

ductus deferens (aka vas deferens)

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42
Q

In context of the ductus deferens, what allows sperm to move?

A

Smooth muscle contraction

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43
Q

Describe the length of the urthera

A

Length of the penis passageway

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44
Q

Where is arterial blood delivered from ?

A

Abdominal cavity

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45
Q

True/false: the scrotum has a left and right

A

True

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46
Q

What changes occur when an errection is present

A

Change in rigidity and size

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47
Q

Identify the erectile tissue that has two larger bodies

A

Copora cavernosa

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48
Q

During a vasectomy, what is cut ?

A

Ductus defrens ( aka vas defrens )

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49
Q

Where does the ductus defrens carry sperm into?

A

From the epididymis into the abdominal cavity

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50
Q

How long does it take for sperm to be able to swim and use their flagella?

A

20 days

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51
Q

Identify the accessory glands for male

A

Cowpers gland, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles

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52
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct surrounded by on each sides?

A

Seminal Vesicles ( making it a paired organ)

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53
Q

What gland supplies sperm w/ nutrients?

A

Prostate gland

54
Q

What is another name for bulbo urethral gland ?

A

Cowpers glands

55
Q

What is the role of the cowpers gland?

A
  • Secretes mucuous into urethra
    Lubricant
    Cleans out crystals left behind by urine
56
Q

During sexual arousal what gland becomes active first ?

A

Cowpers gland

57
Q

What glands collectively produce semen?

A

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, cowpers gland

58
Q

Where does spermatogenesis start and where are the products released?

A

Basal lamnia and into the lumen

59
Q

In spermatogenesis where do type A cells remain ?

A

Basal lamnia

60
Q

What are type b cells called?

A

Primary spermatocytes

61
Q

What do type A cells turn into ?

A

Spermatogonia

62
Q

Describe the role of estrogen

A
63
Q

What is the LH surge? During what part of cycle does this occur?

A

The increase in estrogen levels causes the burst of LH

Early cycle

64
Q

What signal leads to the advancement of gamete production?

A

-LH

65
Q

During the luteal phase, what impact/role does progesterone have?

A
  • stoping follicular development

- inhbits fsh and lh which leads to a decrease in fsh and lh

66
Q

What causes the endometrium to rebuild itself?

A

high estrogen levels

67
Q

When does the proliferate phase end?

A

at ovulation

68
Q

What determines gender?

A

-Genetic composition of sperm

69
Q

What duct do boy embryos maintain? What duct do girl embryos maintain?

A

Boys:Wolffian
Girls:Mullerian

70
Q

What will enlarge to form the penis?

A

genital tubercule

71
Q

Describe the difference in fusion of labia and scrotum.

A

Labia is unfused

Scrotum is fused

72
Q

What do the gonadal ridges give rise to?

A

Either ovaries or testes

73
Q

How long are sperm viable? How long are oocyte viable for after ovulation?

A

Sperm viable: 72 hours

Oocyte viable: 24 hours

74
Q

List the barriers to fertilization.

A
  1. Loss of sperm from vagina
  2. Vagina’s acidic
  3. Consistency of cervical mucus causes sperm to use a lot of energy which can prevent some from making it to an egg
  4. Phagocytic cells in uterus
75
Q

How does capacitation effect sperm’s ability to fertilize?

A

Sperm are unable to fertilze egg right after ejaculation

76
Q

What is another name for sustentacular cells?

A

Nurse cells and serotoli cells

77
Q

What are the roles of the sustentacular cells ?

A 
Move cells into lumen
Protect developing spermatoctye from immune system
Nourish dividing cells
Dispose of eliminated cytoplasm
Secretion of testicular fluid
Regulates spermatogenesis
78
Q

What is the role of testosterone? (answer in context of male reproductive system)

A

boosts bmr, increase sex drive, promote male secondary sex characteristics, stimulates spermatogensis, inhibits GnRH, and has anabolic effects

79
Q

True/false: Oviducts (fallopian tubes) are not continuous with the ovaries

A

True

80
Q

What is another name for oviducts?

A

Fallopian tubes

81
Q

What is the role of the oviducts?

A

Transport channel

82
Q

Where are the female gonads located?

A

Ovaries

83
Q

What structures make up the external gentila of female anatomy?

A
  • mon pubis
  • clitoris
  • labia minora
  • labia majora
  • greater vestibular glands
  • perineum
84
Q

What do gametes get surrounded by and what will it exist as?

A
  • protective cells

- ovarian follicle

85
Q

Whats the difference between follicular and granulosar cells?

A

Follicular cells are the first layer surrounding oocyte

Granulosar cells are the subsequent layers above the follicular

86
Q

In the primary follicle how many cells are around it?

A

2

87
Q

How many primoridal follicles will continue to primary follicles?

A

4-5

88
Q

What is an antrum and what kind of follicle can it be found in?

A

An antrum is a fluid filled cavity that can be found in the secondary follicle.

89
Q

From the secondary follicle how many of the secondary follicle mature into a graafian follicle

A

1-2

90
Q

Describe the structure of graffian.

A

Is much larger in size

91
Q

What occurs in ovulation (In context to the graafian follicle?

A

Oocyte is pushed away from edge and sits up on stalk. Will appear like a blister on surface of ovary. It will then rupture to release an oocyte

92
Q

What will the corpus lutem eventually become? (This will happen regardless if fertilization occurs)

A

Corpus albicans

93
Q

Describe where the ovulated oocyte will be released from and where it will then go.

A

Ovulated oocyte will be released from ovary into the peritoneal cavity

94
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

Ampulla of the oviduct

95
Q

Describe the pathway the ovulate oocyte takes to get to the uterus.

A

Ovary->fimbrae->infidbulum->ampulla->isthmus->uterus

96
Q

What is the role of the fimbrae?

A

Its a finger like projection that will sweep the oocyte into the oviduct through pulsing motion

97
Q

Under what conditions will an ectopic pregnancy occur under?

A
  • implementation of fertilized egg in abdominal cavity
  • Implementation of fertilized egg outside of uterus
  • Implementation of fertilization egg in the wall of the fallopian tubes(oviducts)
98
Q

Describe the structure and function of the uterus.

A
  • thick muscular organ that is comprised of smooth muscle

- Function: receives,retain , nourish fertilized ovum/embryo

99
Q

What is the difference between the fundus and body of the uterus?

A

Fundus: top muscular portion of the uterus
Body: main portion of the uterus

100
Q

Describe the cervix part of the uterus.

A

Cervix is the constricted neck between the uterus and vagina

101
Q

Distinguish the difference between the internal os and the external os.

A

Internal os is the internal opening to the uterus

External os is the external opening to the uterus

102
Q

Describe what develops during pregnancy that will prevent pathogens and foreign objects from reaching the baby.

A

Cervical plug.

103
Q

Which uterine wall layer is going to be highly vascular glandular portion?

A

endometrium

104
Q

What external genitla(s) has hair follicles associated with it?

A

Mons pubis, labia majora

105
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the clitoris and what happens to this tissue during arousal?

A

Spongy epithelial tissue

(cavernous tissue) that will fill with blood during sexual arousal.

106
Q

What is the role of the greater vestibular glands?

A
  • Has an association with the vagina and labia minora

- During sexual arousal, nervous impulses will stimulate the secretion of fluids to assist the insertion of the penis

107
Q

What is the female counterpart to the cowpers gland?

A

Greater vestibular glands

108
Q

true/false: Between men and women, women are the only ones to have functional mammary glands.

A

True, although men and women both have mammary glands. Women are the only ones to have functional mammary glands due to hormonal regulation

109
Q

True/false: mammary glands are not modifed sweat glands.

A

false

110
Q

What is the difference between lobes and lobules? (Answer in context of the female anatomy)

A

Lobes are compartments

Lobulues are smaller compartments that are within the lobes

111
Q

What is the difference between the lactiferous ducts vs the lactiferous sinus?

A

Lactiferous duct: transports milk towards nipple from alveoli

Lactiferous sinus: area behind the nipple that stores the milk

112
Q

In women, when does the process of gamete production first start?

A

Before birth

113
Q

What phase do primary ooctyes get arrested at?

A

prophase I

114
Q

What will the primary oocytes incoporate in order to give rise to primordial cells?

A

Follicular cells

115
Q

After meiosis I, the polar body and the secondary ooctyes are considered ____ cells

A

haploid

116
Q

What phase is the secondary ooctye arrested at?

A

metaphase II

117
Q

Under what conditions will the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II

A

When fertilization occurs

118
Q

True/false: spermatozoa are mature sperm

A

False, spermatozoa are immature sperm

119
Q

What happens to the secondary oocyte if it doesn’t undergo fertilization?

A

It degenerates

120
Q

What does the theca folliculi form?

A
  • layer of connective tissue along outer boundary of follicle
  • dark line of cells that will appear different than the rest
121
Q

Describe granulosar and theca cells.

A

Granulosar and theca are secretory cells that will produce estrogen

122
Q

What happens to estrogen levels as follicles are forming?

A

Estrogen levels increase

123
Q

Describe the zona pellucida

A

A transparent glycoprotein rich outer membrane that will surround the oocyte

124
Q

Describe the corona radiata.

Describe the interaction the corona radiata has with the egg

A

Corona radiata is stalk that will push the egg up from the wall

125
Q

Describe the type of oocyte thats present in secondary follicle

A

At first, the secondary follicle will contain a primary oocyte that will then develop into a secondary oocyte

126
Q

What is the difference between the graffian follicle and the secondary follicle?

A

The graffian follicle will only have a secondary oocyte

At different points, the secondary follicle will have both a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte

127
Q

When does the antrum develop?

A

In the secondary follicle and will continue to develop and increase size

128
Q

What are things women experience during ovulation?

A
  • ovulatory pain
  • increased sex drive
  • increased body temperature
129
Q

How many days long is the luteal phase?

A

14

130
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

-Mostly progesterone and a little bit of estrogen

131
Q

How long does the corpus luteum remain if fertilization occur?

A

10 days

132
Q

What is the name of the scar on the ovary?

A

Corpus albican

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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