Unit 1- Reproduction Flashcards
What is the function of testes?
Sperm production and production of androgen (such as testerone)
What are androgens?
The Classification for male sex hormones
Describe the structure of testes.
The testes are an external organ that is outside of the abdomin al cavity. The testes are comprised of lobules, seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testis, efferent ductules, and epididymis
Why is it important that the testes are located in the scrotum?
he scrotum is able to adjust itself in order to maintain optimal temperature. Temperature maintenance is important because sperm is only viable at 3 degrees Celcius lower than the body temperature.
What is the role of the epididymis?
Acts as a storage site for sperm and collects immature sperm from the testes and allows for them to continue their development
True or False: Sperm has become fully functional by the time it arrives in a woman’s reproductive tract.
False, sperm doesn’t become fully functional until it is inside of a woman’s reproductive tract.
Why does sperm sometimes undergo phagocytosis?
Sperm will sometimes undergo phagocytosis to ensure that viable sperm is utilized during reproduction.
What are lobules?
The segments that the testes are divided into.
What is the actual site for sperm production? ( Be as specific as possible)
Seminiferous tubules
Where would mature sperm be found?
The lumen of the seminiferous tubule
Describe the structure of the lumen.
The lumen is a cavity that is found in the seminiferous tubule that connects to the epididymis and ductus deferens
What is the role of the tubulus rectus? Describe the structure of the tubulus rectus.
Tubulus rectus is a one way straight tubulue that acts as a passageway for sperm to move into the rete.
What is the role of the rete testis
The location where all of the tubulus rectus merge together
What is the role of the efferent ductulues?
Act as an exit for the rete testis
Where are the intersitiial cells of leydig found and what is the role of these cell?
The interstitial cells of leydig are found between the seminiferous tubulues
The interstitial cells of leydig produce sex hormones( also refered to as andorgens) like testosterone
What organ is responsible for absorbing heat?
Pampiniform plexus
Describe the passage for Testicular Blood Flow
Blood will be supplied via the testicular arteries where it will then pass thru the pampinform plexus. The blood is then drained by the testicular veins
Why is the role of the pampinform plexus so important?
It ensures that viable sperm is produced
Describe the structure of the scrotum.
The scrotum is a sac like structure that is made up of superficial fascia and skin
What finding came about sperm production came out of mens fashion in the 1980s?
That temperature is a key component in producing viable sperm and if sperm is kept at too high of a temperature it can lead to a reduction in sperm count
How does the scrotum allow for maintence of optimal temperature?
Does so through either the contraction or relaxing of two muscles: via dartos and cremaster muscles
How does the via dartos muscle play a role in maintaining the temperature of the testes?
This muscle will contract and bring the scrotum closer to the body if the temperature is too low
How does cremaster muscles allow for the maintenance of optimal temperature of testes?
This muscle will relax and pull the scrotum away from the body if the temperature is too high.
True or false: In the scrotum testes are not separated into compartments
False
Describe the structure of the penis.
The penis is a specialized copulatory organ that is comprised of cavernous epithelial tissue.
What three components make up the penis?
- Glans (head)
- Prepuce (foreskin)
- Corpus(shaft)
What is the foreskin on a penis referred to as?
prepuce
Under what circumstances would the prepuce not be present on a penis?
When a male child is first born this child can undergo a procedure known as circumcison which involves the removal of this foreskin.
What is the PRIMARY function/purpose of the penis?
To depsoit/deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
What system also utilizes the penis?
Urinary system
What muscle surrounds the urthera? Why is this muscle presence important?
The urthera is surrounded by corpus spongiosum
If the corpus spongiosum was not present it would squeeze the urthera shut as the corpus spongiosum becomes engorged.
What kind of tissue can be found in erectile tissue?
- Spongy network of connective tissue
- Smooth muscle
- Vascular space
What is the role of the corpora cavernosa?
Facilitate penile errections and becomes engorged with blood
What ducts make up the accessory ducts?
- epipdymis
- ductus deferens (also called vas deferens)
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
What is the role of the urethra? Describe a differnece you would see in males and females regarding the length of the urthera
Role of urehtra: pathway that gametes use and pathway that urine uses
The urethra in men is longer than in women
What is a difference in how men utilize their urthera vs how women utilize their urethra?
Men use their urethra as a pathway for gametes and their urinary system
Women ONLY use their urthera for their urinary system.
What will form as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle?
Zona pellucida
Describe the myometrium layer of the uterine wall.
- Smooth muscle
- thick
- has two layers
When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?
After it is fertilized
When is the secondary oocyte formed? When is the secondary oocyte released?
- forms during follicular phase.
- released during ovulation
What does sperm first pass through?
ductus deferens (aka vas deferens)
In context of the ductus deferens, what allows sperm to move?
Smooth muscle contraction
Describe the length of the urthera
Length of the penis passageway
Where is arterial blood delivered from ?
Abdominal cavity
True/false: the scrotum has a left and right
True
What changes occur when an errection is present
Change in rigidity and size
Identify the erectile tissue that has two larger bodies
Copora cavernosa
During a vasectomy, what is cut ?
Ductus defrens ( aka vas defrens )
Where does the ductus defrens carry sperm into?
From the epididymis into the abdominal cavity
How long does it take for sperm to be able to swim and use their flagella?
20 days
Identify the accessory glands for male
Cowpers gland, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles
What is the ejaculatory duct surrounded by on each sides?
Seminal Vesicles ( making it a paired organ)
What gland supplies sperm w/ nutrients?
Prostate gland
What is another name for bulbo urethral gland ?
Cowpers glands
What is the role of the cowpers gland?
- Secretes mucuous into urethra
Lubricant
Cleans out crystals left behind by urine
During sexual arousal what gland becomes active first ?
Cowpers gland
What glands collectively produce semen?
Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, cowpers gland
Where does spermatogenesis start and where are the products released?
Basal lamnia and into the lumen
In spermatogenesis where do type A cells remain ?
Basal lamnia
What are type b cells called?
Primary spermatocytes
What do type A cells turn into ?
Spermatogonia
Describe the role of estrogen
What is the LH surge? During what part of cycle does this occur?
The increase in estrogen levels causes the burst of LH
Early cycle
What signal leads to the advancement of gamete production?
-LH
During the luteal phase, what impact/role does progesterone have?
- stoping follicular development
- inhbits fsh and lh which leads to a decrease in fsh and lh
What causes the endometrium to rebuild itself?
high estrogen levels
When does the proliferate phase end?
at ovulation
What determines gender?
-Genetic composition of sperm
What duct do boy embryos maintain? What duct do girl embryos maintain?
Boys:Wolffian
Girls:Mullerian
What will enlarge to form the penis?
genital tubercule
Describe the difference in fusion of labia and scrotum.
Labia is unfused
Scrotum is fused
What do the gonadal ridges give rise to?
Either ovaries or testes
How long are sperm viable? How long are oocyte viable for after ovulation?
Sperm viable: 72 hours
Oocyte viable: 24 hours
List the barriers to fertilization.
- Loss of sperm from vagina
- Vagina’s acidic
- Consistency of cervical mucus causes sperm to use a lot of energy which can prevent some from making it to an egg
- Phagocytic cells in uterus
How does capacitation effect sperm’s ability to fertilize?
Sperm are unable to fertilze egg right after ejaculation
What is another name for sustentacular cells?
Nurse cells and serotoli cells
What are the roles of the sustentacular cells ?
Move cells into lumen Protect developing spermatoctye from immune system Nourish dividing cells Dispose of eliminated cytoplasm Secretion of testicular fluid Regulates spermatogenesis
What is the role of testosterone? (answer in context of male reproductive system)
boosts bmr, increase sex drive, promote male secondary sex characteristics, stimulates spermatogensis, inhibits GnRH, and has anabolic effects
True/false: Oviducts (fallopian tubes) are not continuous with the ovaries
True
What is another name for oviducts?
Fallopian tubes
What is the role of the oviducts?
Transport channel
Where are the female gonads located?
Ovaries
What structures make up the external gentila of female anatomy?
- mon pubis
- clitoris
- labia minora
- labia majora
- greater vestibular glands
- perineum
What do gametes get surrounded by and what will it exist as?
- protective cells
- ovarian follicle
Whats the difference between follicular and granulosar cells?
Follicular cells are the first layer surrounding oocyte
Granulosar cells are the subsequent layers above the follicular
In the primary follicle how many cells are around it?
2
How many primoridal follicles will continue to primary follicles?
4-5
What is an antrum and what kind of follicle can it be found in?
An antrum is a fluid filled cavity that can be found in the secondary follicle.
From the secondary follicle how many of the secondary follicle mature into a graafian follicle
1-2
Describe the structure of graffian.
Is much larger in size
What occurs in ovulation (In context to the graafian follicle?
Oocyte is pushed away from edge and sits up on stalk. Will appear like a blister on surface of ovary. It will then rupture to release an oocyte
What will the corpus lutem eventually become? (This will happen regardless if fertilization occurs)
Corpus albicans
Describe where the ovulated oocyte will be released from and where it will then go.
Ovulated oocyte will be released from ovary into the peritoneal cavity
What is the site of fertilization?
Ampulla of the oviduct
Describe the pathway the ovulate oocyte takes to get to the uterus.
Ovary->fimbrae->infidbulum->ampulla->isthmus->uterus
What is the role of the fimbrae?
Its a finger like projection that will sweep the oocyte into the oviduct through pulsing motion
Under what conditions will an ectopic pregnancy occur under?
- implementation of fertilized egg in abdominal cavity
- Implementation of fertilized egg outside of uterus
- Implementation of fertilization egg in the wall of the fallopian tubes(oviducts)
Describe the structure and function of the uterus.
- thick muscular organ that is comprised of smooth muscle
- Function: receives,retain , nourish fertilized ovum/embryo
What is the difference between the fundus and body of the uterus?
Fundus: top muscular portion of the uterus
Body: main portion of the uterus
Describe the cervix part of the uterus.
Cervix is the constricted neck between the uterus and vagina
Distinguish the difference between the internal os and the external os.
Internal os is the internal opening to the uterus
External os is the external opening to the uterus
Describe what develops during pregnancy that will prevent pathogens and foreign objects from reaching the baby.
Cervical plug.
Which uterine wall layer is going to be highly vascular glandular portion?
endometrium
What external genitla(s) has hair follicles associated with it?
Mons pubis, labia majora
What kind of tissue makes up the clitoris and what happens to this tissue during arousal?
Spongy epithelial tissue
(cavernous tissue) that will fill with blood during sexual arousal.
What is the role of the greater vestibular glands?
- Has an association with the vagina and labia minora
- During sexual arousal, nervous impulses will stimulate the secretion of fluids to assist the insertion of the penis
What is the female counterpart to the cowpers gland?
Greater vestibular glands
true/false: Between men and women, women are the only ones to have functional mammary glands.
True, although men and women both have mammary glands. Women are the only ones to have functional mammary glands due to hormonal regulation
True/false: mammary glands are not modifed sweat glands.
false
What is the difference between lobes and lobules? (Answer in context of the female anatomy)
Lobes are compartments
Lobulues are smaller compartments that are within the lobes
What is the difference between the lactiferous ducts vs the lactiferous sinus?
Lactiferous duct: transports milk towards nipple from alveoli
Lactiferous sinus: area behind the nipple that stores the milk
In women, when does the process of gamete production first start?
Before birth
What phase do primary ooctyes get arrested at?
prophase I
What will the primary oocytes incoporate in order to give rise to primordial cells?
Follicular cells
After meiosis I, the polar body and the secondary ooctyes are considered ____ cells
haploid
What phase is the secondary ooctye arrested at?
metaphase II
Under what conditions will the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II
When fertilization occurs
True/false: spermatozoa are mature sperm
False, spermatozoa are immature sperm
What happens to the secondary oocyte if it doesn’t undergo fertilization?
It degenerates
What does the theca folliculi form?
- layer of connective tissue along outer boundary of follicle
- dark line of cells that will appear different than the rest
Describe granulosar and theca cells.
Granulosar and theca are secretory cells that will produce estrogen
What happens to estrogen levels as follicles are forming?
Estrogen levels increase
Describe the zona pellucida
A transparent glycoprotein rich outer membrane that will surround the oocyte
Describe the corona radiata.
Describe the interaction the corona radiata has with the egg
Corona radiata is stalk that will push the egg up from the wall
Describe the type of oocyte thats present in secondary follicle
At first, the secondary follicle will contain a primary oocyte that will then develop into a secondary oocyte
What is the difference between the graffian follicle and the secondary follicle?
The graffian follicle will only have a secondary oocyte
At different points, the secondary follicle will have both a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte
When does the antrum develop?
In the secondary follicle and will continue to develop and increase size
What are things women experience during ovulation?
- ovulatory pain
- increased sex drive
- increased body temperature
How many days long is the luteal phase?
14
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
-Mostly progesterone and a little bit of estrogen
How long does the corpus luteum remain if fertilization occur?
10 days
What is the name of the scar on the ovary?
Corpus albican
