Unit 2- Blood Flashcards
List the functions of blood
- Prevent blood loss
- Maintain pH
- Maintain body temperature
- Deliver oxygen and nutrients
- Transport hormones
- Transport metabolic waste
- Maintain blood volume
- Prevent infection
What metabolic wastes does blood transport
CO2 and Nitrogenous waste
Blood is the only _____ ____ of the body
fluid tissue
What three components allow the blood to fight off infections?
antibodies
complement proteins
leukocytes
What are the 3 formed elements found in blood
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
Which formed elements are living?
only leukocytes
Which formed elements are considered noncellular?
erythrocytes= dead cells platelets= cellular fragments
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Mostly to transport oxygen but will transport some CO2
what makes up 45 % of blood volume
erythrocytes
What is the function of leukocytes?
immune actions
Why are platelets important?
function to clot blood and prevent blood loss
Where are the blood elements formed?
red bone marrow
What are the two major components of blood
formed elements - 46%
plasma- 54%
What is plasma?
the liquid component of blood
what makes up about 55% of blood
plasma
what constitutes about less than 1% of the blood
leukocytes + platelets
what are some components that can be found in plasma?
- albumin
- globulins
- clotting proteins
- transport proteins
- water: 90%
- electrolytes
- respiratory gases
Where does crime scene DNA come from?
leukocytes bc only cellular component with DNA
Describe the composition of erythrocytes
small
biconcave
anucleate
have hemoglobin and antioxidants
Why is it important that erythrocytes have antioxidants
Bc the accumulation of free radicals can be toxic
free radicals emerge from the ETC of aerobic respiration
About how many RBCs/mL
5 billion RBCs/ mL
slightly more for men and less for women
Why do men have more RBCs?
testosterone promotes production of RBCs
Why do women have less RBCs?
lower bc women have less testosterone and menstruate
What is hemoglobin
A globular protein = a protein with more than one domain
+
heme pigment
The goblin protein of hemoglobin has?
2 alpha domains
2 beta domains
How many heme groups are in one hemoglobin
4
1 heme can bind to each domain
What is a heme group?
ring like arrangement with an Fe core that allows oxygen to bind
name of hemoglobin when bound to oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
name of hemoglobin when not bound to oxygen
deoxyhemoglobin
What type of hemoglobin does oxygen bind to?
oxygen will bind to a deoxyhemoglobin to produce an oxyhemoglobin
What does the sigmoidal curve of oxygen saturation tell you about hemoglobin
- hemoglobin loves t be oxygen saturated
- as you add oxygen it becomes easier to add more oxygen
- hemoglobin does not like to lose oxygen
What is the name for hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
carbaminohemoglobin
where does carbon dioxide bind to on hemoglobin
amino acid side chains of the globulin portion
How is carbon dioxide mostly transported in the blood?
80% thru bicarbonate in plasma
what is a secondary method of carbon dioxide transport
carbon transport thru carbaminohemoglobin
~20%
What is a Hematocrit?
an experiment that allows you to determine the percentage of each component of the blood
What is hematopoiesis?
The ongoing process of producing blood cells
How much blood do we produce daily?
1 ounce
How does hematopoiesis decide what cells are going to be produced?
Varies depending on needs
What is Erythropoiesis?
The production of RED blood cells
What is the initial stem cell used in Erythropoiesis?
Hemocytoblast
What is a pluripotent cell?
An uncommitted cell that can give rise to many different things
Order of erythropoiesis
Hemocytoblast myeloid stem cell pro erythroblast (1st committed) early erythroblast late erythroblast normoblast - accumulation of hemoglobin and loss of organelles- Reticulocyte - maturation in BS- Erythrocyte
Which cells from erythropoiesis are dead?
Erythrocytes and Reticulocytes
this is why they are replaced daily
How long does erythropoiesis take?
3-5 days
makes 2million RBCS/sec
What are the 5 regulators of erythropoiesis
- Erythropoietin
- testosterone
- B vitamins
- Iron
- dietary nutrients
Describe how erythropoietin works
- stimulates production of RBCs in the when blood oxygen is low
- produced by kidneys
- receptors for it are found on hemocytoblasts
Describe how Testosterone affects erythropoiesis
- stimulates kidneys to produce erythropoietin
- men have more RBCs than women
- increased muscle mass increases need for oxygen
how do B vitamins regulate erythropoiesis?
- B12 and folic acid aka pre-natal vitamins
- stimulates production of RBCs bc pregnant women have to carry oxygen for themselves and a parasite
- prob up regulation
How does iron regulate erythropoiesis?
- Iron is necessary to make heme group of hemoglobin in RBCs
- obtained from food
- if we don’t have iron then obvi you can’t make any RBCs
How is iron stored?
- ferritin
- hemosidenin
How is iron transported?
transferin
How does dietary nutrients affect the erythropoiesis
cells need nutrients can’t make the hemocytoblast divide and begin process if there isn’t enough energy/ resources to produce another cell
How long do RBCs last?
100-120 days
How are old RBCs disposed of?
macrophages in spleen digest cells
When RBCs are broken down what components are recycled?
- Fe
- aa of goblin are recycled to make other proteins
What happens to the parts of RBCs that aren’t recycled?
-Fe not used is converted to bilirubin and the liver adds it to bile
What are the 2 erythrocyte disorders?
- Anemia : too little
- Polycythemia : too much
What is Anemia?
low or abnormal # of RBCs reduces the capacity to carry oxygen
Describe Polycythemia
- overproduction of RBCs
- too much RBCs makes blood denser = sludge
What diapedesis?
- blood cells that are able to move out of blood vessels and enter interstitial fluid
- only white blood cells have this ability
Describe Leukocytes
WBCs
- living cells w/ nuclei and organelles
What property allows leukocytes to be good at attacking foreign stuff?
+ chemotaxis
aka they have a strong affinity to certain foreign cells or chemicals
What can a blood test tell you (sick)
- bacterial vs viral infection
How many types of leukocytes do we have?
5 types
3 granulocytes
2 agranulocytes
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
What do neutrophils do?
- phagocytosis
- inflammatory response
The immediate response to blood vessel injury isn’t clotting.
True
What acts as the catalyst for fibrinogen into fibrin?
thrombin
What kind of tissue is blood?
Connective tissue
What role does blood play in heat exchange
Acts as a conduit
How many WBC are there for every mL of blood?
4.8-10.8 thousand
Describe the function of basophils
Have granules which are full of histamine( vasodilator, attract other WBC)
Describe the function of eosinophils.
Responsible for attacking parasitic worms.
Describe the composition of granulocytes that make up WBC.
Neutrophils: 50-70%
Basophils: .5-1%
Eosinophils: 2-4%
What are the distinguishing characteristics of neutrophils vs basophils vs eosinophils?
- Eosinophils: 2-lobed nucleus
- Neutrophils: multilobed nucleus
- Basophils: Has lots of granules
List the type(s) of agranulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
What is lymphocytes function?
-Act as immune cells in the lymphatic tissue
What is the function of monocytes?
Monocytes become macrophages after they leave the bloodstream
What are the distinguishing characteristics of monocytes vs lymphocytes?
- Monocytes are considered the largest cells of the blood and have a U shaped nucleus
- Lymphocytes have large nucleus which makes up most of the cell and this cell can be found in lymphatic tissue
Describe the composition of agranulocytes that make up WBC.
- Monocytes: 3-8%
- Lymphocytes: 25%
Differentiate between the types of lymphocytes.
T-lymphocytes: Attack cells/tumors that have been virally affected
B-lymphocytes: secretion of antibodies
What process leads to the production of WBC (white blood cells)?
Leukopoiesis
Which stem cells are involved in the process of leukopoisesis?
- lymphoid stem cells
- myeloid stem cells
What cells do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
-Lymphocytes
What cells do myeloid stem cells give rise to?
All granulocytes, monocytes, and erythrocytes
Describe the steps involved in Granulocyte Leukopoiesis.
- Hemocytoblast give rise to myeloid stem cells
- Myeloid stem cells give rise to myeloblasts
- Myeloblast then accumulate lysosomes (granules) which then become promyelocytes
- Promyelocytes will then differentiate into myelocytes
- Cell division will then stop and the nuclei will arch to form band cells
- Nuclei will then constrict and segment to become a mature granulocytes
What is the avg lifesapan for a granulocyte
half a day to 90 days
What is the avg lifespan for agranulocyte specifically a monocyte?
Months
Describe the steps involved in agranulocyte leukopoisesis (specifically for monocytes)
- Hemocytoblast give rise to myeloid stem cells
- Myeloid stem cells give rise to monoblast
- Monoblast become promonocytes
- Promonocytes will then exit the bone marrow and mature into monocytes within the lymph tissues
Describe the steps involved in lymphocytes process
- Hemocytoblast gives rise to lymphoid stem cells
- Lymphoid stem cells then give rise to lymphoblasts
- Lymphoblast then become prolymphocytes
- Prolymphocytes exit the bone marrow and become lymphocytes within lymphatic tissue
What is the avg. lifespan for a lymphocyte?
Weeks and sometimes up to decades
What are the ways that we regulate the process of leukopoiesis
- interleukins
- CSFs (colony stimulating factors)
How does regulation of leukopoiesis occur thru interleukins? Under what conditions will cells release interleukins?
- Thru the release of chemical messengers which are often released in moments of fighting an infection
- A cell will release interleukins when a cell (thats been attacked by a virus) wants to protect neighboring cells
How does regulation of leukopoiesis occur thru CSFs?
CSFs will cause an increase the number of WBC count
What are leukocyte disorders
- leukemia
- leukopenia
- infectious mononucleosis
What is a leukemia disorder?
A type of leukocyte disorder where WBC have become cancerous
What is a leukopenia disorder?
A type of leukocyte disorder where the immune system has become comprised and there is a decrease in WBC production
What is a infectious mononucleosis disorder?
A type of leukocyte disorder where there is an increase in agranulocytes which is caused thru exposure to Epstein-Barr virus
What does the process of thrombopoiesis produce?
produces platelets
Describe the steps involved in thrombopoiesis process
- Hemocytoblats give rise to myeloid stem cells
- Myeloid stem cells then become megakaryoblasts
- Megakaryoblost will undergo repeated mitosis but without the phase of cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes
- Platlets can the be formed the broken off cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes
What cell is the first cell to become committed in the process of thrombopoiesis?
Megakryoblasts
What is thrombopoirtin?
A hormone that stimulates the production of platlets
What are the steps in hemostasis (stop bleeding)?
- Vascular spasm
- Platlet plug formation
- Coagulation
What occurs during vascular spasm of hemostasis?
Constriction of blood vessels when vessels have been damaged
Why is the constriction of blood vessels important in the step of vascular spasm?
To prevent blood loss
What occurs in platelet plug formation?
The aggregation/ accumulation of platelets at the place of damage
Which cell is considered the committed cell in erythropoiesis?
proerythoblast
What cell is considered the first committed cells in granulocyte leukopoiesis?
myeloblast
What occurs in coagulation step of hemostasis?
Jelling of blood at place of damage. (There are 13 different clotting factors)
What kind of fibers are exposed when damage to a blood vessel occurs?
collage fibers are exposed when blood vessels are damaged
When does accumulation of platelets occur?
When there is damage to the vessel
Describe any changes that would occur due to the result of blood vessels becoming damaged
Exposure to the underlying collagen fibers(connective tissue) and there is a shift in the lining becoming rough.
What do damaged tissues release?
Thromboxane A2 and plasma protein circulated (called von Willebrand Factor)
What is the role of von Willerbrand factors?
Cause for the accumulation of platelets and for them to stick to the place of damage
Where does thromboxane A2 accumulate?
Near site of damage
What role do clotting factors play in regards to thrombin?
Clotting factors will cause for more thrombin to be produced
Once platelets have attached to the area of damage, what does thrombin due next?
Thrombin will then activate the break down of platelets and the release of their chemical contents
Why are limitations put in place in regards to clotting?
To stop clot forming since we would have enough
List the types of clotting factors.
PGI2
Heparin
Vitamin E quinone
What clotting factor(s) do endothelial cells secrete? What role does this clotting factor(s) have?
PGI2 and heparin
Both PGI2 and heparin both play a role in inhibiting platelet accumulation
What is the origin and function of vitamin E quinone?
-Comes from our diet
-Anticoagulant which breaks down clots
(Circulating in blood plasma, prevents too much blood clotting ; a blood thinner)
Between extrinsic and intrinsic pathway, which pathway is the fastest to coagulation? What is the major difference seem between extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?
- Extrinsic pathway
- Extrinsic pathway skips the intermediate steps
Describe the steps involved in the intrinsic pathway
- The aggregation platelets release PF3
- PF3 can now activate other intermediates which will then lead to the activation of factor X
- Activated factor X will then complex with PF3, calcium, and factor V to cause the formation of prothrombin activator
- Prothrombin activator catalyzes prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin will then catalyze the polymerization of inactive protein fibrinogen into fibrin.
- Thrombin will also activate factor XIIII which will link fibrin strands together to form/make a net.
Describe the steps involved in the extrinsic pathway.
- Damaged cells will release tissue factors
- Tissue factors will then interact with PF3 in order to skip a number of steps/intermediaries to get to factor X activation
* the remaining steps occur the same way they would in a intrinsic pathway* - The activated factor X will complex with calcium, PF3, and factor V to cause the formation of prothrombin activator
- Prothrombin activator will now catalyze prothrombin into thrombin
- Thrombin then catalyzes the polymerization of inactive protein fibrinogen into fibrin
- Thrombin will also activate factor XIIII which will link fibrin strands together to make a net
Describe the steps that occur in clot retraction(shrinking clot)
- Fibrin mesh will start to squeeze the clot. Contractile proteins that are within the platelet will then allow the platelet to pull the plug together.
- This squeezes out serum (liquid) which was trapped within the clot, and the clot then compacts
- The ruptured edges of vessel can now come closer together
- PDGF (platelets derived growth factor) stimulates vessel repair
How is the clot retraction (shrinking clot) related to the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?
Clot retraction process starts where the intrinsic/extrinsic pathways ended
Where can PDGF be found? What is PDGF’s function?
- PDGF is a chemical that is inside of platelets
- Function is to stimulate cellular division of the tissue that was damaged
Describe the steps that occur in the process of Fibrinolysis
- Clot then produces plasminogen, a plasma protein.
- Plasminogen is then activated into plasmin by TPA (tissue plasminogen activator). TPA was released by newly formed endothelial tissue.
- Plasmin can now digest fibrin
List the clot limiting factors that can be found within plasma:
- Antithrombin III
- Protein C
- Heparin:
List the clot limiting factors that can be found within plasma:
- Antithrombin III
- Protein C
- Heparin:
What is the function of antithrombin III as a limiting factor?
Will inactivate thrombin
What is the function of protein C?
Will indirectly inhibit the production of thrombin through inhibiting the intrinsic pathway events (by acting as an enzyme inhibitor)
What is the function of heparin as a limiting factor?
Is produced by intact endothelia and will enhance the activity of anti thrombin III and will inhibit a different link in the 13 step process of the intrinsic pathway.
List hemostasis/ thromboembolytic disorders that occur when there is not enough clotting
- Hemophilla
- Thrombocytopenia
What occurs in a hemophilla disorder?
A genetic disorder where the person lacks the DNA that codes for a clotting protein
What occurs in a Thrombocytopenia disorder?
Due to a pathology (such as when you’re sick) there is a decrease in the number of platelets that are in the blood
List the hemostasis/thromboembolytic disorders that result when there is too much clotting.
- Thrombus
- Embolism
What occurs in a thrombus disorder?
Prevents the blood flow to a particular area and causes blockage; usually due to an attached blood clot/stationary clot
What occurs in a embolism disorder?
There is an eventual block due to a blood vessel stopping blood flow to a particular area; usually due to a floating/circulating blood clot that is traveling
What role does anitgens(agglutinogens) play in regards to the immune system?
Antigens will activate the immune system
Describe the blood in regards to a D marker.
Positive blood
Describe the blood in regards to no D Marker.
Negative blood; Meaning that there isn’t a D marker present on the surface of the blood and therefore antibodies(anti D) for D will be produced
How does agglutingoens impact agglutinin (antibodies)
The presence of agglutinogens(antigens) is going to direct the production of antibodies(agglutinin). ( Therefore a person will produce antibodies(agglutinin) for everything you don’t have)
Identify the gene where there is an augmentation and there isn’t a change in blood type.
Rh (D) factor
Identify the blood type if both the gene for antigen A and the gene for antigen B are both missing
Blood type O
T/F: Blood typing is not a hereditary.
False, Blood typing is hereditary and therefore is a genetic component.
What is the universal donor type? Explain why this blood type is the universal donor?
O- is the universal donor
Universal donor because O- doesn’t have antigens therefore another person’s antibodies don’t have anything to attack
What is the universal recipient type? Explain why AB+ is the universal recipient type.
- AB+ is the universal recipient
- AB+ is the universal recipient because it can receive all types of blood since it has no antibodies which means it doesn’t have anything that will attack different kinds)
What does aggulation mean? When does aggulation occur?
Aggulation is when there is clumping and blood is no longer able to circulate well.
When there is interaction between agglutinins(antibodies) and agglutinogens(antigens)
