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Biolo 2230 > Unit 1- Endocrine Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1- Endocrine Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of the nervous system activity controlling mechanisms

A
  • Mechanism that helps to maintain homeostasis
  • Effects excitable tissue
  • Generates electircal impulses
  • Speed: very fast/ miliseconds
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2
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of the endocrine system activity controlling mechanisms

A
  • System of Chemical messengers
  • Can effects every cell in the body
  • Speed: Lag time ( vary from seconds to days)
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3
Q

What is the relationship between target cells and hormones?

A

Hormones change metabolically what target cells are doing

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4
Q

Define target cells

A

Cells that have a specific receptor for a specific hormone(s) and are affected by hormones.

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5
Q

Distinguish the difference in responses between the nervous and endocrine system.

A

Nervous system responds quickly to stimuli however this response is short lived

Endocrine system responds to stimulation at a slower however this response is long lasting.

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6
Q

List the classification for types of glands

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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7
Q

What are characteristics of an exocrine gland

A
  • Has ducts and utilizes a ductal system to secrete substances
  • Found in areas of the body where digestion occurs, sweat glands, and mammary gland can be found
  • Composed of epithelial tissue
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8
Q

What are charactersitics of endocrine glands?

A
  • Highly vascularized ( meaning products are released directly into the blood stream)
  • Ductless
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9
Q

What organ(s) in the body contains both endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

What is the neuroendocrine link in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

How does the hypothalamus function as the neuroendocrine link in the body?

A

The hypothalamus acts as the center of the brain and also serves as the major regulator of the endocrine system

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12
Q

What are the four types of chemical messengers?

A
  • phermones
  • hormones
  • autocrines
  • paracrines
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13
Q

Define hormones

A

A type of chemical messenger where the chemical produced in on area of the body must travel some distance away from the site of production to have an affect

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14
Q

Define autocrines

A

A type of chemical messenger that secretes a substance by a cell and acts on the surface receptors of the SAME cell ( thus affecting the same cell)

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15
Q

Define paracrines

A

A type of chemical messenger where a cell produces a substance that will affect neighboring cells

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16
Q

Define pheromones

A

A type of chemical messenger where the production of a substance by one individual will affect the activity of another individual

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17
Q

Describe chemical classification of amino acid based hormones

A
  • Are water soluble meaning that they can be transported through plasma. ( Keep in mind because they are water soluble receptors will be found on the outside of plasma membrane.)
  • Most hormones are amino acid based
  • Composed of amino acid derivatives.
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18
Q

What can amino acid based hormones also be referred to as?

A

Non steroid hormones

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19
Q

Describe chemical classification of steroid hormone.

A

-Made up of cholesterol
-Not water soluble
-Fat soluble
-Require carrier molecule for transportation
-

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20
Q

Where exclusively are steroid hormones produced?

A

adrenal gonads and adrenochortical

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21
Q

Describe the difference that would be seen in activation of a target cell with a receptor that is specific for a steroid hormone vs a non steroid hormone ( amino acid based hormone).

A

Steroid hormone: The location of the receptor would be found inside of the target cell and thus activation would occur inside of the target cell.
- direct activation

Non steroid hormone: The location of the receptor would be found outside of the target cell along the plasma membrane and thus activation would occur inside of the target cell.
-indirect activation

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22
Q

True or False: Eicosanoid are considered hormones

A

False, Eicosanois are not considered as hormones but rather biologically active lipids

23
Q

Describe the chemical classifications of eicosanoid

A

-Biologically active lipids
- have a localized effect
(Talking about prostaglandins when refering to eicosanoid)

24
Q

Identify characteristics of target cells

A
  • Target cells have receptors that are specific to select hormones
  • Some target cells have receptors that are specific to one hormone
  • Some target cells have receptors that are specific to multiple hormones
25
Q

Discuss the generalized effects hormones can produce

A
  1. Opening or closing ion channels
  2. Promotion of secretion
  3. Stimulation of protein synthesis
  4. Stimulate mitosis
  5. Activation or deactivation of enzymes
26
Q

List the factors that control hormone action on a target cell

A
  1. Receptor affinity
  2. Hormone level/ concentration in bloodstream
  3. # of receptors in/on target cell
27
Q

What is the difference between up-regulation and down-regulation?

A

Up regulation occurs when the number of receptors increase as a response to the rising hormone levels; increase in cellular component
Down regulation occurs when the number of receptors decreases as a response to excess hormone levels; decrease in cellular component

28
Q

Describe the relationship between hormone concentration and response.

A

The greater the hormone concentration the greater the response. Vice versa.

29
Q

What are the secondary messengers involved in PIP-Calcium Mechanism

A

DAG and Calcium

30
Q

List the three type of hormone interactions that can act on the same target cell

A
  • antagonism
  • synergism
  • permissiveness
31
Q

What happens in a permissiveness interaction?

A

One hormone will cause second hormone to exert a response

Ex: thyroid hormone assist reproductive organs during puberty

32
Q

What happens in synergism interaction?

A

Two hormones or more have the same effect and when both hormones are present there is an increase/amplification of that effect

33
Q

What happens in antagonism interaction?

A

Two hormones that work in opposition to one another

Ex: insulin and glucagon

34
Q

What are ways hormone release can be regulated?

A
  • Negative feedback
  • Humoral
  • Neural
  • Hormonal
  • Modification by nervous system
35
Q

What occurs in humoral hormone release?

A

-Control of hormone release in response to changes in the extracellular fluid
(Would deal with concentration of some kind of ion)

36
Q

Regarding hormone release regulation, what role does negative feedback play?

A
  • Negative feedback is when a stimulus elicits release of substance and once the substances hits a certain level a signal is sent to stop further release of the substance.
  • Most hormones will utilize the negative feedback system
37
Q

How is hormonal used to regulate hormone release?

A

One hormone is able to cause the production of another hormone.

38
Q

How is neural used to regulate hormone release?

A

Directs neural stimulation

39
Q

What are the major endocrine organs and where can each organ be located?

A
  1. pituitary gland: dangles off of the hypothalamus and breaks down into anterior and posterior
  2. thyroid gland:
  3. adrenal
  4. parathyroid
  5. thymus
  6. pancreas
  7. gonads
  8. pineal
40
Q

What two hormones are released from the neurohypophysis? Describe the effects of these two hormones

A

Oxycontin: amnesiac, sexual satisification, sexual arousal, cuddle hormone, stimulates smooth muscle contraction, childbirth, milk release, positive feedback mechanism, orgasm

ADH (antidiruetic hormone): alcohol supress adh , causes kidneys to reabsorb water, prevents urine production

41
Q

Whats another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

42
Q

Describe the structure of the neurhypophysis?

A

Made up of neural tissue and is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

43
Q

Describe the location of the adenohypophyseal and list the hormones associated with adenohypophyseal.

A

Adenohyophyseal is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

  • growth hormone (gh)
  • prolactin
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh)
  • adenocortictropic hormone (acth)
  • gonadtropins
  • pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
44
Q

What are the direct actions of gh (growth hormone)?

A
  • Increasing blood levels of fatty acids
  • diabetogenic effect: increase blood glucose levels
  • decreases glucose uptake and metabolism
  • stimulate protein synthesis
  • stimulate cell growth / division
45
Q

What is the diabetogenic effect?

A

The encouraged break down of glycogen in the liver to release glucose into bloodstream

46
Q

What kind of hormone is GH?

A

An anabolic hormone meaning that it builds

47
Q

What are the indirect actions of GH?

A
  • GH binds to receptors on surface of cell and then stimulates target cells to the production of igf (somatomedin)
  • stimulates uptake of amino acids in to cellular proteins
  • stimulates uptake of sulfur into matrix of cartilage
48
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Any class of hormone from anterior pituitary gland ( adenohypophysis) that affects secretion of another endocrine hormone.

49
Q

What actions can fatty acids carry out?

A
  • Act as a carrier for steroid hormones

- Construct plasma membrane

50
Q

What are stressors that can promote CRH release?

A
  • fever
  • Hypoglycemia
  • long run
  • cold weather
51
Q

Describe piuitary dwarfism

A
  • the underproduction of gh in children

- chubby body build prominent forehead

52
Q

Under what conditions will supplments work for a person suffering from pituitary dwarfism?

A

If the person has functional receptors

53
Q

Describe giantism

A
  • Overproduction of gh in children

- overal giant size; tall stature

54
Q

Describe acromegaly

A
  • Normal production of gh in childhood, however in adulthood there is an excess production
  • Large faces, hands, feet

Biolo 2230 (12 decks)

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