Unit 1- Endocrine Pt. 1 Flashcards
Describe 4 characteristics of the nervous system activity controlling mechanisms
- Mechanism that helps to maintain homeostasis
- Effects excitable tissue
- Generates electircal impulses
- Speed: very fast/ miliseconds
Describe 4 characteristics of the endocrine system activity controlling mechanisms
- System of Chemical messengers
- Can effects every cell in the body
- Speed: Lag time ( vary from seconds to days)
What is the relationship between target cells and hormones?
Hormones change metabolically what target cells are doing
Define target cells
Cells that have a specific receptor for a specific hormone(s) and are affected by hormones.
Distinguish the difference in responses between the nervous and endocrine system.
Nervous system responds quickly to stimuli however this response is short lived
Endocrine system responds to stimulation at a slower however this response is long lasting.
List the classification for types of glands
Exocrine
Endocrine
What are characteristics of an exocrine gland
- Has ducts and utilizes a ductal system to secrete substances
- Found in areas of the body where digestion occurs, sweat glands, and mammary gland can be found
- Composed of epithelial tissue
What are charactersitics of endocrine glands?
- Highly vascularized ( meaning products are released directly into the blood stream)
- Ductless
What organ(s) in the body contains both endocrine and exocrine glands?
Pancreas
What is the neuroendocrine link in the body?
Hypothalamus
How does the hypothalamus function as the neuroendocrine link in the body?
The hypothalamus acts as the center of the brain and also serves as the major regulator of the endocrine system
What are the four types of chemical messengers?
- phermones
- hormones
- autocrines
- paracrines
Define hormones
A type of chemical messenger where the chemical produced in on area of the body must travel some distance away from the site of production to have an affect
Define autocrines
A type of chemical messenger that secretes a substance by a cell and acts on the surface receptors of the SAME cell ( thus affecting the same cell)
Define paracrines
A type of chemical messenger where a cell produces a substance that will affect neighboring cells
Define pheromones
A type of chemical messenger where the production of a substance by one individual will affect the activity of another individual
Describe chemical classification of amino acid based hormones
- Are water soluble meaning that they can be transported through plasma. ( Keep in mind because they are water soluble receptors will be found on the outside of plasma membrane.)
- Most hormones are amino acid based
- Composed of amino acid derivatives.
What can amino acid based hormones also be referred to as?
Non steroid hormones
Describe chemical classification of steroid hormone.
-Made up of cholesterol
-Not water soluble
-Fat soluble
-Require carrier molecule for transportation
-
Where exclusively are steroid hormones produced?
adrenal gonads and adrenochortical
Describe the difference that would be seen in activation of a target cell with a receptor that is specific for a steroid hormone vs a non steroid hormone ( amino acid based hormone).
Steroid hormone: The location of the receptor would be found inside of the target cell and thus activation would occur inside of the target cell.
- direct activation
Non steroid hormone: The location of the receptor would be found outside of the target cell along the plasma membrane and thus activation would occur inside of the target cell.
-indirect activation
True or False: Eicosanoid are considered hormones
False, Eicosanois are not considered as hormones but rather biologically active lipids
Describe the chemical classifications of eicosanoid
-Biologically active lipids
- have a localized effect
(Talking about prostaglandins when refering to eicosanoid)
Identify characteristics of target cells
- Target cells have receptors that are specific to select hormones
- Some target cells have receptors that are specific to one hormone
- Some target cells have receptors that are specific to multiple hormones
Discuss the generalized effects hormones can produce
- Opening or closing ion channels
- Promotion of secretion
- Stimulation of protein synthesis
- Stimulate mitosis
- Activation or deactivation of enzymes
List the factors that control hormone action on a target cell
- Receptor affinity
- Hormone level/ concentration in bloodstream
- # of receptors in/on target cell
What is the difference between up-regulation and down-regulation?
Up regulation occurs when the number of receptors increase as a response to the rising hormone levels; increase in cellular component
Down regulation occurs when the number of receptors decreases as a response to excess hormone levels; decrease in cellular component
Describe the relationship between hormone concentration and response.
The greater the hormone concentration the greater the response. Vice versa.
What are the secondary messengers involved in PIP-Calcium Mechanism
DAG and Calcium
List the three type of hormone interactions that can act on the same target cell
- antagonism
- synergism
- permissiveness
What happens in a permissiveness interaction?
One hormone will cause second hormone to exert a response
Ex: thyroid hormone assist reproductive organs during puberty
What happens in synergism interaction?
Two hormones or more have the same effect and when both hormones are present there is an increase/amplification of that effect
What happens in antagonism interaction?
Two hormones that work in opposition to one another
Ex: insulin and glucagon
What are ways hormone release can be regulated?
- Negative feedback
- Humoral
- Neural
- Hormonal
- Modification by nervous system
What occurs in humoral hormone release?
-Control of hormone release in response to changes in the extracellular fluid
(Would deal with concentration of some kind of ion)
Regarding hormone release regulation, what role does negative feedback play?
- Negative feedback is when a stimulus elicits release of substance and once the substances hits a certain level a signal is sent to stop further release of the substance.
- Most hormones will utilize the negative feedback system
How is hormonal used to regulate hormone release?
One hormone is able to cause the production of another hormone.
How is neural used to regulate hormone release?
Directs neural stimulation
What are the major endocrine organs and where can each organ be located?
- pituitary gland: dangles off of the hypothalamus and breaks down into anterior and posterior
- thyroid gland:
- adrenal
- parathyroid
- thymus
- pancreas
- gonads
- pineal
What two hormones are released from the neurohypophysis? Describe the effects of these two hormones
Oxycontin: amnesiac, sexual satisification, sexual arousal, cuddle hormone, stimulates smooth muscle contraction, childbirth, milk release, positive feedback mechanism, orgasm
ADH (antidiruetic hormone): alcohol supress adh , causes kidneys to reabsorb water, prevents urine production
Whats another name for the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
Describe the structure of the neurhypophysis?
Made up of neural tissue and is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Describe the location of the adenohypophyseal and list the hormones associated with adenohypophyseal.
Adenohyophyseal is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
- growth hormone (gh)
- prolactin
- thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh)
- adenocortictropic hormone (acth)
- gonadtropins
- pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
What are the direct actions of gh (growth hormone)?
- Increasing blood levels of fatty acids
- diabetogenic effect: increase blood glucose levels
- decreases glucose uptake and metabolism
- stimulate protein synthesis
- stimulate cell growth / division
What is the diabetogenic effect?
The encouraged break down of glycogen in the liver to release glucose into bloodstream
What kind of hormone is GH?
An anabolic hormone meaning that it builds
What are the indirect actions of GH?
- GH binds to receptors on surface of cell and then stimulates target cells to the production of igf (somatomedin)
- stimulates uptake of amino acids in to cellular proteins
- stimulates uptake of sulfur into matrix of cartilage
What are tropic hormones?
Any class of hormone from anterior pituitary gland ( adenohypophysis) that affects secretion of another endocrine hormone.
What actions can fatty acids carry out?
- Act as a carrier for steroid hormones
- Construct plasma membrane
What are stressors that can promote CRH release?
- fever
- Hypoglycemia
- long run
- cold weather
Describe piuitary dwarfism
- the underproduction of gh in children
- chubby body build prominent forehead
Under what conditions will supplments work for a person suffering from pituitary dwarfism?
If the person has functional receptors
Describe giantism
- Overproduction of gh in children
- overal giant size; tall stature
Describe acromegaly
- Normal production of gh in childhood, however in adulthood there is an excess production
- Large faces, hands, feet
