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Biodiversity > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What characteristics distinguish the animals?

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • no cell wall
  • heterotrophic
  • internal digestion
  • locomotion (movement)
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2
Q

Clues to evolutionary relationships among animal groups are found in

A
  • fossils
  • patterns of embryonic development
  • morphology and physiology
  • protein structure
  • gene sequences
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3
Q

Layers of cells

A

Diploblastic - endo and ecto

Triploblastic- endo, ecto, mesoderm

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4
Q

Triploblastic animals

A

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

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5
Q

Protostomes

A

“Mouth first”- blastopore develops into mouth

“Mouth second”- blastopore develops into the anus; the mouth develops later

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6
Q

Together, protostomes and deuterostomes

A

Bilaterians

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7
Q

Bilateral symmetry is associated with (blank)

A

Cephalization

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8
Q

Coelomate

A

Earthworm- body cavity within mesoderm

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9
Q

Acoelomate

A
  • no fluid filled body cavity
  • movement by cilia
  • platyhelminthes
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10
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A
  • muscles are only on the outside
  • body cavity not wrapped on both sides with mesoderm
  • nematodes
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11
Q

What are the features of animal body plans?

A

Segmentation

Locomotion

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12
Q

Describe segmentation

A
  • specialization of regions

- control movements

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13
Q

Locomotion

A
  • Finding food, mates

- avoiding predators

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14
Q

Common ancestor of animals

A
  • colonial, flagellated protists

- similar to choanoflagellates

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15
Q

First animals were what and what was the link?

A

Sponges, choanoflagellate

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16
Q

First three in timeline of first animals until the Cambrian explosion

A
  • 850 MYA choanoflagellates into sponges
  • 700 MYA Cnidaria break off
  • 650 MYA bilateral symmetry, three layers
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17
Q

First three in timeline of first animals until the Cambrian explosion

A

600 MYA bilateral split into proto/deutero
550 MYA movement
535 MYA Cambrian explosion

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18
Q

Reason for Cambrian explosion

A

Co evolution between predator/prey could be reason for explosion

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19
Q

Cambrian explosion refers to

A

Adaptation radiation (explosion in diversity)

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20
Q

Proposed hypothesis for explosion

A
  • movement, led to need for energy, which led to traits for predation and defense
  • lack of prior fossils
  • increased O2 content
  • most species/individuals = protostomes
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21
Q

Protostomes

A
  • anterior brain surrounding mouth
  • ventral nerve cords
  • ancestor had coelom
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22
Q

Based on DNA sequencing, protostomes divided into

A
  • lophotrochozoans

- ecdysozoans

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23
Q

What are the major groups of lophoyrochozoans?

A
  • Platyhelminthes
  • rotifers
  • bryozoan, ectoprocts, or “moss animals”
  • brachiopods
  • chitons
  • Gastropods
  • bivalves
  • cephalopod
  • annelid
  • oligochaetes
  • polychaetes
  • hirudinea
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24
Q

Platyhelminthes or flatworms

A
  • dorsoventrally flattened

- mouth opens into a “blind gut”

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25
Q

Rotifers

A
  • tiny
  • complete gut
  • pseudocoel
  • cilia
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26
Q

Bryozoan, ectoprocts, or “moss animals”

A
  • filter feeders
  • individuals are 1-2mm
  • colonies
  • sessile
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27
Q

Brachiopods

A
  • two part shells

- resemble bivalve mollusks, but shell evolved independently

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28
Q

Brachiopod shell

A

Two halves dorsal and ventral

  • reached peak abundance in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic
  • only 450 species survive
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29
Q

Visceral mass includes

A

Heart, digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs

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30
Q

Mollusks have a blank circulatory system

A

Open

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31
Q

Describe mollusk open circulatory system

A
  • blood washes over organs in hemocoel

- blood eventually re enters blood vessels and is pumped by a heart

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32
Q

Chitons

A
  • 8 calcareous plates protect the organs and muscular foot
  • marine, scrape rocks with a radula
  • cling to rocks with foot
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33
Q

Gastropods

A
  • snails and slugs (lost their shells)
  • many are toxic and bright for warnings, others camoflauged
  • land snails and slugs are the only mollusks that live in terrestrial habitats
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34
Q

Bivalves

A
  • Clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels
  • 30,000 species
  • hinged, two part shells
  • foot burrows into mud or sand
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35
Q

How do bivalves feed?

A

Water in the incurrent siphon, filtering food with gills, sort with labial palps, into mouth, water exits through the excurrent siphon

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36
Q

Cephalopods

A
  • squids, octopus, chambered nautilus
  • modified excurrent siphon, allowing “jet propulsion”
  • have shell chambers, radula, mouth, siphon, gills
  • eyes comparable to vertebrates
  • head has arms and or tentacles used to capture and subdue prey
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37
Q

What is the largest invertebrate?

A

Colossal squid

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38
Q

Most cephalopods except octopuses have what for internal support?

A

Small internal shell

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39
Q

Annelids

A
  • segmented
  • most have a thin, permeable body wall that serves for gas exchange
  • coelom, nerve cord
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40
Q

Oligochaetes

A
  • have no parapodia, eyes or tentacles and few setae
  • earthworms burrow in and ingest soil
  • hermaphroditic, each individual gives and receives sperm
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41
Q

Polychaetes

A

Mostly marine, burrowing

Parapodia on each segment with setae

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42
Q

Hirudinea

A
  • leeches also lack parapodia
  • no obvious segments
  • suckers: anchors that aid in movement
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43
Q

Ecdysozoans

A
  • nematoda and horsehair worms
  • tardigrada
  • onychophora
  • anthropoda
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44
Q

Two anthropod characteristics

A

Molt and jointed appendages

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45
Q

Ecdysozoans

A
  • Cuticle

- one common ancestor

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46
Q

How do ecdysozoans grow?

A

Molt/shed cuticle, replaced with a larger one

Ecdysis

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47
Q

When did molting evolve?

A

500 Mya

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48
Q

Nematodes

A
  • Roundworms
  • Gas exchange through the cuticle
  • abundant, microscopic
  • elephantiasis
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49
Q

Horsehair worms

A

Thin, visible, up to a meter long, larvae

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50
Q

Tardigrades

A

Water bears

  • 8 fleshy legs
  • live in sands and water films on plants, lichens
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51
Q

Onychophorans

A

Velvet worms

  • live in leaf litter in the humid tropics
  • thin, flexible cuticle
  • may look similar to arthropod ancestors
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52
Q

Features of Arthropoda

A 
Exoskeleton (cuticle, chitin) 
-protects from desiccation, predators 
Muscles attached to exoskeleton 
Segmentation 
Jointed appendages
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53
Q

Chelicerates

A

Merostoma (horseshoe crabs) and arachnida

  • mouthpart appendages (chelicerae)
  • chelicerae grasp, don’t chew and some inject venom
  • ticks
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54
Q

Horseshoe crabs

A

-changed very little over history

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55
Q

Myriapods

A

Centipedes: 2 legs per segment
Millipedes: 4 legs per segment

  • centipedes prey on insects and other small amounts
  • millipedes scavenge and eat plants
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56
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

- shrimps, lobster, crayfish, crabs

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57
Q

Barnacles are not

A

Mollusks

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58
Q

Local crustaceans

A
  • devils lake
  • 1/2 inch
  • scuds or side swimmers
  • freshwater shrimp are a key part of the aquatic food chain
  • perch, walleye, northern pike eat
59
Q

Insects (hexapods)

A

-head: one pair on antennae
-thorax: three pairs of legs and two sets of wings in most groups
-abdomen: no appendages
Ventral nerve cord
-not all have wings have been secondarily lost: lice, fleas, some ants, beetles

60
Q

Metamorphosis

A

Changes between life stages

61
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

Changes are gradual (grasshopper)

62
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Changes dramatic

63
Q

Term for what occurs between molts

A

Instars

64
Q

Decomposition/scavengers

A

Flesh eating beetles used in taxidermy

65
Q

What groups have the most diverse with species?

A

Hexapoda and insecta

66
Q

Insects began to diversify when?

A

450 Mya

67
Q

Why were insects so successful in diversifying?

A

Flight

  • 1st, new feeding opportunities
  • land no other similar organisms
    • open niche
68
Q

How are deuterostomes identified?

A

1) embryonic patterns (mouth second)

2) DNA sequence

69
Q

Deuterostomes still living

A

Echnioderms: sea stars, sea urchins, etc
Chordates: sea squirts, lancelets, and vertebrates

70
Q

Characteristics of deuterostomes

A
  • radial symmetry as adults (echinoderms)
  • bilaterally symmetrical, pharyngeal slits present
  • notocord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post anal tail
  • vertebral column
71
Q

What features distinguish the echinoderms?

A
  • pentaradial symmetry
  • no head
  • move equally well in many directions
72
Q

Water vascular system

A
  • madreporite
  • stone canal
  • ring canal
  • radial canal
  • ampulla
  • tube feet
73
Q

What organisms lack arms but have a complete gut?

A

Sea cucumbers

74
Q

What are sea cucumbers tube feet used for?

A

Anchor to substrate

75
Q

sea urchins characteristics

A

lack arms and are covered with spines

76
Q

sand dollars characterisitcs

A

flattened relatives of sea urchins

77
Q

What is an urchin barren?

A

place devoid of kelp

78
Q

What effect would a decrease in the CA sea otter populations have on sea urchins and urchin barrens?

A

increase urchin populations, increase # urchin barrens

79
Q

increase in urchin leads to a decrease in

A

kelp

80
Q

three chordate clades

A
  • lancelets (cephalochordates)
  • tunicates (urochordates)
  • vertebrates
81
Q

tunicates

A
  • sea squirts

- filters prey from water and adults are sessile

82
Q

notochord

A

dorsal supporting rod

83
Q

pharangeal slits

A

present at some developmental stage

84
Q

pharyngeal slits are supported by

A

pharyngeal arches

85
Q

in fish, pharyngeal arches=

A

gill arches that support gills

86
Q

all chordates have these derived characteristics at some stage

A
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • tail extends beyond anus
  • notochord
  • pharyngeal slits
87
Q

vertebrates probably evolved in the oceans during the (blank) period

A

Cambrian

88
Q

(blank) replaces the notochord during early development

A

vertrebral column

89
Q

arches—

A

jaw, parts of tongue, larynx, trachea, middle ear

90
Q

other characteristics of chordates

A
  • anterior skull enclosing a large brain
  • rigid, internal skeleton (supports an extensive muscular system)
  • internal organs suspended in coelom
91
Q

lampreys characteristics

A
  • many species parasitic
  • 7 gill slits
  • jawless
92
Q

jaws evolved from (blank) late in

A

gill arches, ordovician

93
Q

jaws

A

improved prey capture

94
Q

teeth

A

chewing improves extraction of nutrients from food

95
Q

most jawed fish have paired fins for

A

stabilization and swimming

96
Q

median (blank) and (blank) fins stabilize the fish

A

dorsal and anal

97
Q

(blank) fins help the fish move forward and make rapid turns

A

caudal

98
Q

chondrichthyes

A

(sharks, rays)

  • skeletons of cartilage
  • sharks use lateral undulations
99
Q

skates and rays flap enlarged (blank) fins

A

pectoral

100
Q

bony fish had (blank) that supplemented the gills in gas exchange

A

gas filled sacs

101
Q

ray-finned fish have sacs that developed into (blank)

A

swim bladders

102
Q

swim bladders

A

organs of buoyancy (allow fish to maintain position at specific depths)

103
Q

How did vertebrates colonize the land?

A

1) evolution of lunglike sacs set the stage for evolution of land animals (supplemented gills in low O2)
2) changes in the structure of fins allowed some fins to support themselves in shallow H2O and move to land

104
Q

lobed limb vertebrates

A

coelancanths, lungfish, tetrapods

105
Q

pelvic and pectoral fins developed into

A

more muscular fins

106
Q

thought to have become extinct in 65 mya, but living ones were found in South Africa in 1938

A

coelocanths

107
Q

aquatic lobe-limbed vertebrates use (blank) to become ancestral tetrapods

A

terrestrial food sources

108
Q

devonian fossil found in 2006 has (blank) between fins of fish and limbs of tetrapod

A

intermediate appendages

109
Q

limbs for land evolved to four (tetra) and became (blank)

A

amphibians and amniotes

110
Q

amphibians

A
  • 7000 species
  • confined to moist habitats
  • complex social behaviors
  • decrease
111
Q

why are amphibians confined to moist habitats?

A

lose H2O easily through skin, eggs dry out in air

112
Q

salamanders

A

many live in moist soil and rotting logs

113
Q

why are amphibians decreasing?

A

habitat, UV, pesticide, cytrid fungus

114
Q

amniote egg

A
  • impermeable to water
  • embryo develops in a contained aqueous environ
  • leather/brittle retain H2O and allow gas exchange
115
Q

amniote egg store food in form of

A

yolk

116
Q

four (blank) protect the embyro from drying and assist in gas exchange and excretion of Nitrogen

A

extraembryonic membranes

117
Q

modification of egg for mammals

A

embryo inside mother, lost shell

118
Q

during what period did the amniotes split into to major groups?

A

carboniferous

119
Q

what two groups did the amniotes split into?

A

mammals and reptiles

120
Q

reptiles

A
  • 19000 species
  • 1/2 birds
  • turtles changed little since early mesozoic
121
Q

largest lizard

A

komodo dragon of the E Indies - 3m long

122
Q

Crocodilians includes

A

crocodiles, calmans, gharials, and alligators

123
Q

crocodilians

A
  • tropical and warm temps
  • most time in water
  • all carnivorous
124
Q

crocodilian nest

A

-build nests on land or floating piles of vegetation; heat from decaying organic matter warms egg

125
Q

Dinosaurs

A

150 mya- mesozoic

-some small had scales modified to feathers

126
Q

birds

A
  • 10,000 species
  • dinosaurs
  • bipedal, hollow bones, furcuia (wishbone), 3 fingered feet and hands, backwards pelvis
  • endothermic
  • no teeth
  • plant dispersal
127
Q

2 groups of birds

A

-flight vs no flight

128
Q

evolution of feather

A
  • diversification
  • bones lightweight and strong, sternum forms keel where flight muscles attached
  • control heat loss
129
Q

mammals

A
  • 5700 species
  • coexist with dino
  • diversify rapid after cretaceous
  • teeth reflect diets
130
Q

key features of mammals

A
  • sweat glands
  • mammary glands
  • hair
  • 4 chambered heart
  • internal fertilization
  • hair (fur)
131
Q

whales and dolphins hair

A

cetaceans- layers of fat

132
Q

two living groups of mammals

A
  • prototherians

- therians

133
Q

prototherians

A

duck billed platypus and echidna

-lay shelled eggs and have sprawling legs

134
Q

therians

A

marsupials and eutherians

135
Q

marsupials

A
  • pouch
  • herbivore, insectivore, carnivore
  • no ocean/fly
  • kangaroo largest
136
Q

only marsupial in NA

A

viriginia opossum

137
Q

eutherians

A

5300 species, 20 groups

  • placenta, move develop birth, social hunting
  • rodent and bat
  • some move to aquatic
138
Q

herbivore eutherians

A
  • favored evolution of plant spines, tough leaves, toxic compounds, difficult to eat growth
  • adaptations to teeth and digestive= coevolution
  • large favored (lead to large carnivore favor)
139
Q

eutherian (blank( evolved from a small, aboreal, insectivorous mammal

A

primates

140
Q

primates have

A

limbs with opposable digits

141
Q

about 6 MYA, lineage split to form chimps and the (blank) clade

A

hominin

142
Q

earliest protohiminins =

A

bipedal

143
Q

bipedal

A

more energetically economical

Biodiversity (12 decks)

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