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Biodiversity > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How old is life?

A

3.7 billion years

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2
Q

study of fossils

A

paleontology

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3
Q

relative position of layers and their place in geological time scale

A

stratigraphy

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4
Q

what are the layers of rock called?

A

strata

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5
Q

extant

A

living today

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6
Q

geologic time is divided into

A

eons, era, period, epoch

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7
Q

We are in what eon?

A

Phanerozoic

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8
Q

We are in what era?

A

Cenozoic

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9
Q

We are in what period?

A

Quaternary

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10
Q

We are in what epoch?

A

anthropocene

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11
Q

What is the age of homo sapiens?

A

200,000 years ago

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12
Q

What is the age of animals?

A

500-600 million years ago

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13
Q

What is the age of life/prokaryotes?

A

3.7 billion years ago

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14
Q

What is the age of Earth?

A

4.5 billion years ago

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15
Q

Fault

A

crack in Earth’s crust

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16
Q

Where have fault lines been found?

A

1975 earthquake in Morris

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17
Q

Rocks in (blank) MN are 3 bya

A

Montevideo

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18
Q

What eon are we living in?

A

Phanerozoic

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19
Q

What era are we living in?

A

Cenozoic

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20
Q

What period are we living in?

A

Quaternary

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21
Q

What epoch are we living in?

A

Anthropocene

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22
Q

How old are homo sapiens?

A

200,000 years old

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23
Q

How old is life on land?

A

300 million years

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24
Q

How old are animals?

A

500 to 600 million years

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25
Q

How old is life/prokaryotes?

A

3.7 billion years

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26
Q

How old is Earth?

A

4.5 billion years

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27
Q

What is the first step of oxygen throughout time?

A

1) CO2 + H2O—- Sugar + O2

Early atmosphere had little or no free O2 until photosynthesis released O2 as a waste product

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28
Q

List steps 2-5 of the role of oxygen throughout time

A

2) O2 in water + iron = BIF
3) GOE killed anaerobes; aerobes thrived (high O2 concentration supports large cells)
4) O2 increased, allowed eukaryotes and multicellular life
5) invasion of land by plants, increased O2

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29
Q

formation of BIF

A
  • oxygen captured by iron in water which fell to the sea floor creating a BIF
  • sedimentary in mesabe range NE MN
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30
Q

great oxygenation event

A
  • water saturated with O2 was the tipping point that led to the goe
  • opened resources for aerobic bacteria
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31
Q

development of complex life

A

-rise of aerobic lifestyle; efficient, led to eukaryotes and multicellularity due to the surface area to volume ratio of oxygen in larger cells (vs previous small cells) due to diffusion

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32
Q

invasion of land

A

invasion by plants led to an increased amount of O2 due to increase in photosynthetic processes

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33
Q

great dying

A
  • cause unknown

- low O2

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34
Q

describe general carbon trends over past 400,000 years

A
  • Plesitocene
  • Petit graph (temp and CO2 data could be placed on top of each other because they are so similar, up and down until present day)
  • Lake Vostok in Antarctica CO2 and temp both from ice
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35
Q

describe general carbon trends over past 300 years

A
  • Keeling curve measures CO2 levels
  • Hawaii steady increase, senses seasons
  • fluctuating between 175 and 275 ppm until present
  • present day CO2 increase past 400 ppm
  • “the world passes 400 ppm carbon dioxide threshold. permanently” - Sept 2016
  • –should have been at lowest point after season
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36
Q

How do we know these general carbon trends?

A

glacial formations

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37
Q

How are glacial formations evidence of past climate change?

A

new ecosystems developed after glaciers

  • geologic formations
  • vegetation records
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38
Q

What are some examples of glacial formations? When did they disappear?

A

end moraine, kame, esker, coteau, 10000 years ago

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39
Q

terminal dump of glacial debris

A

end moraine

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40
Q

hill of sand debris laid by glacial meltwater

A

kames

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41
Q

ridge of sand/debris, laid by meltwater

A

eskers

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42
Q

big piles of snirt with uneven melting over 3000 years

A

coteaus

43
Q

Explain the significance of Tiktaalik’s discovery

A

-transition from water to land
-“missing link”
2006 disvoery of tiktaalik roseae

44
Q

Describe differences between fish and Tiktaalik; Tiktaalik and tetrapods

A

fish (gills, scales, fins)
tiktaalik (lung like organ, wrists, neck, flat face)
tetrapod (4 limbs, no scales, lungs)
movement from finn to limb

45
Q

Define homology

A

traits shared from common ancestor

46
Q

Define analogous

A

traits that don’t share a common origin (wings, independent evolution of interlocking shells)

47
Q

three principles of fossil discovery

A

age of rock, type of rock, exposed rock

48
Q

phylogenic tree

A

more related = more recent common ancestor

49
Q

phenotype

A

physical expression of an organisms genes

50
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

51
Q

allele

A

different forms of a gene

52
Q

evolution

A

change of allele frequencies within a population

53
Q

gene pool

A

set of all alleles

54
Q

allele frequency

A

proportion of times a certain allele occurs in a population

55
Q

population

A

group of individuals of a single species living together (evolve)

56
Q

Can you form a sentence including these words (allele, population, evolution, mechanism)

A

the way populations evolve is through changing their allele frequencies and there are five mechanisms in which they can do so.

57
Q

what is evolution?

A

evolution is the change of allele frequencies, also known as genetic composition, of a population over time due to 5 mechanisms

58
Q

mutation

A

change in nucleotide sequence of DNA

59
Q

characteristics of mutations

A
  • most are harmful or neutral
  • increase genetic variation
  • random (not goal directed)
60
Q

Can you make a sentence with these words? (evolution, mutation, population)

A

mutation in a population leads to evolution

61
Q

gene flow

A

migration of individuals between populations

62
Q

characteristics of gene flow

A
  • increase similarity between pop

- example = homo sapiens expand range into neanderthals, interbreeding

63
Q

genetic drift

A

random changes in allele frequencies

64
Q

characteristics of genetic drift

A
  • affects small populations most
  • reduces genetic variation
  • population bottleneck and founder effect
65
Q

population bottleneck

A

population drastically reduced by a natural catastrophe or overhunting

66
Q

founder effect

A

drastically reduced population, moved to another place (huterite population)

67
Q

lack of genetic variation leaves populations with (blank)

A

little flexibility to evolve if their environmental circumstances change

68
Q

How might genetic drift cause evolution?

A

only allows certain alleles through populations

69
Q

nonrandom mating

A

occurs when individuals choose mates with particular phenotypes

70
Q

draw a concept map with allele, population, evolution, and mechanism

A

population—mechanism—change—-allele frequency—evolve

71
Q

Debunk 2 common misconceptions of evolution

A

1) theory > hypothesis (theory has unifying explanation developed through extensive observations)
2) individuals do not evolve, populations do

72
Q

what are the 3 types of selection?

A

-natural, artificial, sexual

73
Q

natural selection

A
  • populations evolve via natural selection
  • favors individuals best adapted to environment
  • acts on individual, but pop changes with evolve
  • not progressive
74
Q

adaptation

A

feature that improves fitness
-fly/cricket example in hawaii- variations in flies produced change mutation which was passed on because silent males didn’t attract parasitic flies, therefore increasing fitness

75
Q

artificial selection

A

purposeful selection of specific phenotypes by humans

76
Q

sexual selection

A
  • increase female choice
  • outcompete other males
  • widowbird with long tail feathers
77
Q

What are the three ways selection can act on a population?

A

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

78
Q

Stabilizing

A

preserves average phenotype (human birth weights)

79
Q

Directional

A

favors individuals that vary in one direction (texas longhorn)

80
Q

Disruptive

A

favors individuals that vary in both directions from the mean (birds beak size)

81
Q

Ingredients for natural selection

A

Variation, heritability, differential fitness

82
Q

variation ingredient

A

individual differ from one another

83
Q

heritability ingredient

A

characteristics passed from parent to offspring

84
Q

differential fitness ingredient

A

traits increase/decrease fitness

85
Q

fitness

A

reproductive success relative to others (progeny born and survive long enough to reproduce)

86
Q

Darwins role in defining evolution

A
  • recognized artificial over short time periods (geology important)
  • proposed evolution via natural selection mechanism
  • Darwin and the voyage of the HMS beagle (origin of species)
87
Q

miss-step of evolution

A

Lamark- offspring can inherit characteristics that were modified in their parents through use or disuse

88
Q

3 bodies of knowledge = proposed mechanism of natural selection

A

age of earth, artificial selection, study of plants/animals

89
Q

constraints of evolution

A
  • follow laws of universe
  • allele must exist
  • cost < benefits
90
Q

what does it mean by the “allele must exist”

A

if the allele for a given trait doesn’t exist, it can’t evolve even if favored by natural selection. All evolutionary innovations are modifications of previously existing structures. Engineering vs tinkering

91
Q

Why do the benefits of evolution have to outweigh cost?

A

benefit of adaptation must outweigh cost if adaptation is to evolve, trade off must be worthwhile

92
Q

Disadvantages to sexual reproduction

A
  • can break up adaptive gene combinations

- dividing offspring into genders reduces overall reproductive rate

93
Q

Advantages to sexual reproduction

A
  • genetic variation ingredient for selection (new combos of genes)
  • some individuals with harmful mutations, some with few (few more likely to survive)
  • defense against pathogens
94
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

“it takes all the running you can do just to stay in the same place”

-correlation between host and pathogens, selects for sexual reproduction

95
Q

principles of radiometric dating

A

determine absolute age of rocks and rock layers to determine geologic and evolutionary events
-decay in half lives

96
Q

hardy-weinberg

A

frequency of alleles in populations remains constant throughout generations, none of the five mechanisms can occur

97
Q

frequency of AA =

A

p^2

98
Q

frequency of A

A

p

99
Q

allele

A

variant of gene

100
Q

igneous

A

form when molten rock cools and forms a solid (radiometric dating)

101
Q

metamorphic

A

formed when existing rock formations are altered due to extreme heat and or pressure (chemical and physical change)
–deep in earth’s surface or tectonic plates (gneiss)

102
Q

sedimentary

A

fossils
material that has weathered from other rock formations or formed by living organisms deposited or precipitated out of solution

103
Q

What are some ways fossils form?

A

petrification, carbonization, and mold/cast

104
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

archaea, bacteria, eukaryea

Biodiversity (12 decks)

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