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Biodiversity > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

primary endosymbiosis is a synapomorphy of the (blank)

A

kingdom plantae

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2
Q

(blank) are aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes

A

algae

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3
Q

land plants arose how many years ago?

A

450-500 mya

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4
Q

challenges of plants

A

1) dessication (drying out)
2) water/nutrient transport and support
3) distribute gametes and progeny

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5
Q

dessication challenge

A
  • cuticle
  • stomata
  • spores
  • antheridia/archegonia
  • embryos protected
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6
Q

waxy coating slows water loss

A

cuticle

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7
Q

regulate gas exchange

A

stomata

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8
Q

spores

A

gametophyte

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9
Q

antheridia

A

male gamete

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10
Q

archegonia

A

female gamete

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11
Q

water/nutrient transport; support challenge

A
  • don’t get too big

- vascular structures

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12
Q

nonvascular plants distribute gametes

A

moss= flagella (need H2O)

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13
Q

nonvascular plants progeny

A

haploid spores (wind)

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14
Q

vascular plants distribute gametes

A

fern= flagella (need H2O)

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15
Q

vascular plants progeny

A

haploid spores (wind)

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16
Q

vascular seeds distribute gametes

A

conifer=pollen (wind)

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17
Q

vascular seeds progeny

A

diploid seeds (wind, seed pollinator)

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18
Q

vascular seeds with flowers distribute gametes

A

pollen (wind/pollinators)

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19
Q

vascular seeds with flowers progeny

A

diploid seeds (wind, seed pollinators)

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20
Q

what were early helpers of land plants?

A

fungi

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21
Q

mutualistic fungi date to

A

460 mya

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22
Q

mutualistic fungi aid with

A

absorption of water and minerals

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23
Q

a synapomorphy of land plants is an (blank) protected by tissues of the parent plant

A

embryo

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24
Q
  • 9000 species
  • gametophyte dominant
  • also reproduce asexually
A

liverworts

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25
Q

How do liverworts reproduce asexually?

A
  • by fragmentation of the gametophyte

- by gemmae, dispersed by raindrops

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26
Q
  • 15,000 species
  • have stomata
  • gametophytes begin as branched filamentous structures
  • peat
  • bogs
A

mosses

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27
Q

what is the stomata important for?

A

H2O and gas exchange

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28
Q

branched filamentous structures

A

protonema

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29
Q

sphagnum moss grows in

A

cool, swampy places

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30
Q

compression of moss leads to (blank) which leads to (blank)

A

peat, coal

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31
Q

(blank) develop where peat builds up over time

A

bogs

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32
Q
  • 100 species

- gametophytes are flat plates of cells

A

hornworts

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33
Q

vascularity evolved after

A

50 million years on land

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34
Q

silurian (blank) evolved 430 mya

A

tracheid

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35
Q

tracheids are (blank)

A

water conducting elements of xylem

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36
Q

components of the vascular system

A
  • xylem

- phloem

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37
Q

xylem

A

water and minerals from soil (up)

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38
Q

phloem

A

products of photosynthesis (down)

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39
Q

xylem cell walls have (blank)

A

lignin

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40
Q

tall plant advantage

A

more light, spore dispersal

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41
Q
  • carboniferous period (350-300 mya) vascular plants fluorished in tropical swamps
  • millions of years later, coal
A

vascular plants (lycophytes, horsetails, ferns)

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42
Q

the fall of vascular (seedless, flowerless) plants

A
  • extensive glaciation

- forests were replaced by gymnosperms

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43
Q
  • branching, nutritionally independent

- familiar form

A

sporophytes

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44
Q
  • strobili
  • mycrophylis
  • true roots
A

phylum lycophyta (club mosses)

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45
Q

clusters containing spores

A

strobili

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46
Q

simple, lifelike structures (spirals on stem)

A

mycrophylis

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47
Q
  • leaves grow in whorls
  • silica in cell walls
  • have true roots
A

phylum sphenophyta (horsetails)

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48
Q

phylum sphenophyta genus

A

equisetum

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49
Q
  • leaves may grow up to 30 m

- spores within sori underside leaves

A

phylum pterophyta (ferns)

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50
Q

ferns+horsetails+seed plants=

A

euphyliophytes

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51
Q

ferns + horsetails =

A

clade monilophytes

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52
Q

monilophytes+seed plants=

A

euphyilophytes (true + leaf plant)

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53
Q

overtopping

A

new branches grow beyond others

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54
Q

Why is overtopping an advantage?

A
  • branches formed photosynthetic tissue (megaphyll)

- increased photosynthetic surface area

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55
Q
  • “naked seed”
  • ovule not protected by ovary
  • seeds not protected by fruit
  • angiosperms
A

gymnosperms

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56
Q

seed plants had two innovations

A
  • woody tissue

- seeds

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57
Q

primary growth direction

A

up and down

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58
Q

secondary growth direction

A

left and right

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59
Q

secondary growth

A
  • wood (secondary xylem)

- height (photosynthesis)

60
Q

2 challenges to living on land

A
  • distribute gametes, progeny

- no water for fertilization and wind for pollination

61
Q

three major groups of gymnosperms

A
  • cycads (300 species)
  • gingkos (one living species- Gingko Biloba)
  • Conifers (700 species)
62
Q

alternation of generations in list form

A
  • diploid (2n)
  • microstrobili
  • meiosis
  • habloid
  • microspores
  • pollen grain
  • female gametophyte
  • fertilization
  • zygote
  • embryo
  • sporophyte
63
Q

pollination

A

pollen grain lands near a female gametophyte

64
Q

fertilization

A

sperm meets egg

65
Q

pollination steps

A
  • pollen tube tunnels to megagametophyte
  • entry through microphyle
  • sperm released from tube
66
Q

seed coat

A

derived from integument; parental sporophyte tissue

67
Q

food supply

A

female gametophyte tissue (n)

68
Q

embryo

A

new sporophyte (2n)

69
Q

3 components of seed

A

-seed coat, food supply, embryo

70
Q

seeds have tissues from (blank) generations

A

3

71
Q

a (blank) develops from the integument

A

seed coat

72
Q

haploid female gametophytic tissue from the next generation contains a (blank) for developing embryo

A

nutrient supply

73
Q

the (blank) is the new diploid sporophyte generation

A

embryo

74
Q
  • seeds are protected resting stages
  • may remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are favorable
  • seed coat (2n) protects seeds from dyring out
  • many seeds also have adaptations for dispersal
A

gymnosperm seeds

75
Q

some conifers have what instead of cones?

A

soft, fleshy tissue around seeds (not fruit)

76
Q

angiosperm meaning

A

“enclosed seed”

77
Q

what advantages did the evolution of the seed provide seed plants over seedless plants?

A

dormant and dispersal

78
Q

what are the 6 synapomorphies of angiosperms?

A
  • flowers
  • ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel
  • pollen on stigma
  • double fertilization
  • endosperm- nutritive tissue for embryo (3n)
  • fruit
79
Q

pistil

A

composed of carpels

80
Q

one or more carpels for the

A

pistil

81
Q

grouped flowers

A

inflorescence

82
Q

perfect flowers

A

have both mega and microsporangia

83
Q

disadvantage of perfect flowers

A

self fertilization

84
Q

advantage of perfect flowers

A

2 processes complete at once

85
Q

imperfect flowers

A

either mega or microsporangia

-monoecious and dioecious

86
Q

monoecious

A

male and female flowers occur on same plant

87
Q

dioecious

A

male and female flowers occur on different plants

88
Q

double fertilization process

A

1) sperm 1 +egg = zygote (2n)

2) sperm 2 + central cell (n+n)= endosperm (3n)

89
Q

endosperm

A

nutrition/food for embryo

90
Q

embryo

A

early stem and root + 1 or 2 cotyledons

91
Q

ovary and seeds develop into (blank) after fertilization

A

fruits

92
Q

fruit purpose

A
  • protect seeds

- dispersal

93
Q

most angiosperms are in two clades:

A

monocots

eudicots

94
Q

monocots

A

one cotyledon (palms, grasses, crops, (corn-rice-barely-wheat)

95
Q

eudicots

A

two cotyledons (most others, including trees)

96
Q

How do plants benefit human society?

A
  • produce O2 and remove CO2 from atmosphere
  • contribute to soil formation and fertility
  • roots hold soil in place, prevent erosion
  • moderate local climate
  • medicine
97
Q

plant food benefit

A

10 crops supply 75% total world calories

98
Q

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

pollination is when the pollen lands on the stigma while fertilization occurs when the male cell fuses with the female cell

99
Q

Characteristics of wind pollinated plants

A

no nectar, greater amount of pollen, tend to have tiny flowers, often grass plants, no scent, no bright colors, tend to be taller, often look boring

100
Q

characteristic of bird pollinated plants

A

attractive, colorful petals, don’t have a smell, contain nectar, have red color, trumpet shaped flowers

101
Q

why do plants avoid self-fertilization

A

to avoid potentially dangerous deleterious recessive traits

102
Q

how do plants avoid self fertilization?

A
  • stigma may not be activated until all of the male pollen has been taken from flower
  • produce male and female flowers on separate ind.
103
Q

what is the purpose of flower plants?

A
  • petals are advertisements that attract animal messengers

- landing area specific for the flower’s pollinators

104
Q

what animals can pollinate?

A
  • birds, insects, bats, etc

- there are some cases of mammals such as mice, bats, lemurs, even reptiles such as giant gecko

105
Q

what are the rewards?

A
  • plant acted as breeding ground, plant offered a place to lay eggs
  • nectar, wax gives off a perfume for the bee to mate with females
  • nutrition in form of nectar
106
Q

how do plants “trick” pollinators?

A
  • appearing as a mate to the organism

- appear to be and smell like rotting flesh

107
Q

what part of dandelions floats through air?

A

seed attached to fruit

108
Q

Are fungi unicellular? Plants?

A

yes, no

109
Q

Do fungi have a cell wall present? Plants?

A

yes, yes

110
Q

Are fungi eukaryotic? Plants?

A

yes, yes

111
Q

Are fungi absorptive heterotrophs? Plants?

A

yes, no

112
Q

Are fungi saprobic? Plants?

A

yes, no

113
Q

Are fungi nitrogen fixers? Plants?

A

no, no

114
Q

Can fungi be parasitic? Plants?

A

yes yes

115
Q

What is a fungus?

A
  • absorptive heterotrophy

- chitin in cell walls

116
Q

multicellular fungi:

body is a (blank) composed of tubular filaments called (blank)

A

mycellium, hyphae

117
Q

multicellular fungi

hyphae separated with (blank) are called (blank)

A

septa, septate

118
Q

hyphae without separation are called (blank)

A

coenocytic

119
Q

yeast

A
  • unicellular
  • lifestyle
  • no hyphae
120
Q

chytrids

A

-only fungi with flagella

121
Q

Zygomycota characteristics and example

A
  • bread mold
  • coenocytic hyphae in some or all
  • terrestrial
122
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • hyphae penetrate cell wall of root
  • mutualist with plants
  • mitigate drought conditions for crops
123
Q

fungi mycorrhizae

A
  • 80 to 90% of plants have associations with mycorrhizae

- hyphae are coenocytic

124
Q

ascomycota asexual reproduction

A

conidia form at tips

125
Q

ascomycota unicellular

A

yeast saccharomyces, glucose to ethanol +CO2

126
Q

how do sac fungus yeast reproduce?

A

budding

127
Q

the fruiting body of an ascomycota is called the

A

ascoma

128
Q

in mushrooms, (blank) form on specialized structures called gills

A

basidia

129
Q

(blank) are to ascomycota as (blank) are to basidiomycota

A

asci

basidia

130
Q

Has multicellular diploid generation

Basidiomycota or plant?

A

plant

131
Q

Has multicellular haploid generation

basidiomycota or plant?

A

both

132
Q

Has multicellular dicharotic generation

basidiomycota or plant?

A

basidiomycota

133
Q

sexual reproduction involves males and females

basidiomycota or plant?

A

plant

134
Q

sexual reproduction involves mating types

basidiomycota or plant?

A

basidiomycota

135
Q

syngamy (fusion of gametes)

basidiomycota or plant?

A

plant

136
Q

karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)

basidiomycota or plant?

A

basidiomycota

137
Q

plasmogomy (fusion of cytoplasm)

basidiomycota or plant?

A

basidiomycota

138
Q

3 ways fungus interacts with environment

A
  • mutualism (+/+)
  • commensalism (+/0)- saprobes
  • predation (+/-)- parasites
139
Q

fungi are the principal decomposers of

A

cellulose, ligin, and keratin

140
Q

fungi causes human disease such as

A

ringworm and athlete’s foot

141
Q

fungi are the most common (blank) in plants

A

pathogens

142
Q

roles of fungi

A

-hyphae invade plant tissues through stomata or wounds

143
Q

example of predation

A

fungi trap microscopic nematode with hyphae ring

144
Q

fungi are used as model organisms because

A

easily cultured and short generation times

145
Q

reforestation in relation to fungi

A

projects must establish the mycorrhizal fungi as well as planting trees

Biodiversity (12 decks)

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