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Biodiversity > Lab Test 2 > Flashcards

Lab Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history

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2
Q

taxa

A

groups of species

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3
Q

decent with modification

A
  • Darwin mechanism of evolution

- similar traits passed on throughout generations

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4
Q

cladistic method

A

taxa are organized into a phylogenetic tree based upon presence of shared, derived characters

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5
Q

shared, derived characters

A

synapomorphies

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6
Q

parsimony

A

simplest explanation= best (shortest tree with fewest steps)

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7
Q

characters

A

traits (derived or ancestral)

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8
Q

root

A

taxon used = outgroup of tree

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9
Q

group of all taxa that share a common ancestor and therefore are closely related to each other than to any other taxon

A

clade

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10
Q

two unrelated taxa independently evolve a particular form

A

convergent evolution

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11
Q

independent evolutionary change

A

homoplasy

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12
Q

homoplasy creates (blank) traits

A

analogous

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13
Q

monophyletic

A

taxon (group of organisms) that forms a clade and descends from a common ancestor

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14
Q

kingdom plantae consists of

A

multicellular autotrophic organisms

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15
Q

vascular tissue

A

specialized cells that transport water and nutrients

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16
Q

nontracheophytes

A

bryophyta and hepatophyta

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17
Q

seedless tracheophytes

A

lycophyta, pteridophyta (pterophyta and sphenophyta)

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18
Q

seed-producing tracheophytes (no flower)

A

-coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkophyta (gymnosperms)

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19
Q

seed-producing tracheophytes (flower)

A

angiospermae (anthophyta)

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20
Q

alternation of generations

A

a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation that produces spores by meoisis alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte that produces gametes by mitosis

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21
Q

sporophyte

A

produces haploid spores by meosis

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22
Q

gametophyte

A

produces haploid gametes by mitosis

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23
Q

steps of alternation of generations

A

1) gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
2) gametes fuse to form a zygote
3) the zygote develops into a diploid sporophyte
4) sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
5) spores germinate and divide to form the haploid gametophyte

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24
Q

mosses phyla

A

bryophyta

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25
Q

liverworts and mosses don’t have

A

true roots

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26
Q

instead of true roots, liverworts and mosses have

A

rhizoids

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27
Q

liverworts and mosses are restricted to

A

moist environments and require water for fertilization

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28
Q

what generation is dominant in liverworts and mosses?

A

gametophyte

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29
Q

female sex organ nonvascular

A

archegonium

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30
Q

male sex organ vascular

A

antheridium

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31
Q

hepatophyta reproduce asexually by means of

A

gemmae

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32
Q

tracheophytes characterized by

A

1) a vascular system of xylem and phloem tissue
2) alternation of generations with sporophyte dominant
3) body divided into true roots, stems, leaves

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33
Q

examples of seedless tracheophytes

A
  • pteriodophytes and sphenophyta
  • ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
  • lycophyta (club moss)
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34
Q

fern phylum

A

pterophyta

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35
Q

small dark spots on fern

A

sori

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36
Q

sorus (sori plural) contain

A

a cluster of sporangia that produce spores

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37
Q

spores germinate to form (blank)

A

haploid gametophyte generation

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38
Q

anteridia

A

sperm

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39
Q

archegonia

A

egg

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40
Q

horsetail phylum

A

sphenophyta

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41
Q

all living species of the horsetail belong to the genus

A

Equisetum

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42
Q

sporangia are borne in (blank)

A

terminal cones called strobili

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43
Q

strobili produce

A

pine cone part that produces seeds

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44
Q

what are some of the challenges that terrestrial organisms had to overcome when moving out of aquatic habitats?

A
  • needed structural support
  • transport of materials from soil and environment to cell
  • way for fertilization to occur in non-wet environments
  • need seeds so embryo are not damaged/dried out and can still receive nutrients
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45
Q

characteristics of plants

A
  • chlorophyll
  • cellulose cell wall
  • plastids (store starch)
  • lack light-harvesting pigment (phycoerthrin)
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46
Q

land plants=

A

embryophytes

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47
Q

haploid spore produces

A

haploid gametophyte

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48
Q

vascular plants are (blank) dominant

A

sporophyte

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49
Q

in all seed plants, the developing plant embryo is contained within a protective structure called a

A

seed

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50
Q

what are seeds comprised of?

A
  • embryonic sporophyte
  • source of nutrition
  • protective coat
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51
Q

heterosporous

A

produce separate female and male sporangia

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52
Q

female sporangia

A

megasporangia

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53
Q

male sporangia

A

microsporangia

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54
Q

what does microsporangia produce

A

microspores which develop into microgametophyte

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55
Q

gymnosperms have a

A

naked seed, not inside tissues

-non-flowering

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56
Q

strobilus is also called

A

cone

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57
Q

examples of gymnosperms

A
  • cycadophyta
  • ginkgophyta
  • coniferophyta
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58
Q

characteristics of cycads

A
  • oldest

- tropics/ornamental plants

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59
Q

characteristics of ginkgophyta

A
  • only one species in China Ginkgo biloba
  • maidenhair trees
  • male and female separate (dioecious)
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60
Q

male and female produced by separate individuals

A

dioecious

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61
Q

male cones produce

A

microspores

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62
Q

microgametophytes are commonly known as

A

pollen grains

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63
Q

pollen grains

A

produce sperm and serve as mechanism for dispersal and delivery of gamete

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64
Q

female cones posses

A

megasporangia–megaspores–megagametophytes

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65
Q

gemtophyte, egg, and surrounding coat comprise (blank)

A

ovule

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66
Q

after fertilization, the ovule develops into a

A

seed

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67
Q

seed contains

A

embryonic plant, store of nutritive tissue, and protective coat

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68
Q

phylum angiospermae is the

A

most diverse group of land plants

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69
Q

flower parts of monocots

A

in threes

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70
Q

flower parts of eudicots

A

in fours or fives

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71
Q

cotyledons of monocots

A

one

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72
Q

cotyledons of eudicots

A

two

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73
Q

leaf venation of monocots

A

parallel

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74
Q

leaf venation of eudicots

A

branched, net like

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75
Q

vascular bundles in young stem of monocots

A

scattered

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76
Q

vascular bundles in young stem of eudicots

A

in a ring

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77
Q

male gametophyte in flower

A

stamen

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78
Q

stamen consist of

A

anther with microsporangia and filament

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79
Q

megasporangia are located within

A

pistil

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80
Q

pistil is composed of

A

ovary, style, and stigma

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81
Q

two layers of specialized leaves surround ovules and they are called

A

petals and sepals

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82
Q

example of monocot flower

A

gladiola

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83
Q

example of eudicot flower

A

snap dragon

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84
Q

when pollen grain lands on stigma and pollen tube begins to grow down the stigma until it reaches the megagametophyte

A

pollination

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85
Q

one sperm fertilizes egg while other fuses with cells in ovule to form triploid endosperm

A

double fertilization

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86
Q

pollination

A

when pollen grain lands on stigma and pollen tube begins to grow down the stigma until it reaches the megagametophyte

87
Q

double fertilization

A

one sperm fertilizes egg while other fuses with cells in ovule to form triploid endosperm

88
Q

fruit

A

developed ovary of flower containing seeds

89
Q

seed leaves

A

cotyledons

90
Q

vascular tissue allows plants to

A

-transport water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)

91
Q

cell division and growth are initiated in

A

meristems

92
Q

regions of undifferentiated cells that can be found at the ends of the shoots (stem tips) and roots

A

meristems

93
Q

central dome of cells near the top of the section of stem tip

A

apical meristem

94
Q

leaves in their initial growth stages

A

leaf primordia

95
Q

outermost layer of the apical meristem produces

A

epidermis

96
Q

layer that gives rise to the plant’s vascular system

A

procambium

97
Q

meristem that could form a side branch

A

axillary bud

98
Q

region of elongation

A

where cells grow in length

99
Q

two types of vascular tissue in plants

A

xylem and phloem

100
Q

xylem

A

conducts water from the roots to all parts of the plant

-cells have thick walls for structural support

101
Q

phloem

A

conducts sugars and nutrients produced by photosynthesis to all parts of plant
-don’t have thick cell walls

102
Q

outermost layer of cells

A

epidermis

103
Q

clear, pink stained coating outside cells

A

cuticle

104
Q

role of cuticle

A

prevents water loss

105
Q

blue-stained particles in cells of cortex

A

starch granules

106
Q

role of starch granules

A

store photosynthate produced by shoot

107
Q

what is found inside the cortex?

A

vascular cylinder with thick walled xylem

108
Q

KNOW helianthus

A

sunflower stem

109
Q

things found in helianthus

A

pith, vascular bundle, phloem, xylem, cortex, epidermis

110
Q

function of pith

A

centrally located tissue within a dicot stem

111
Q

in helianthus (sunflower stem), xylem and phloem vascular bundles are arranged in what shape?

A

circular

112
Q

function of vascular bundle

A
  • xylem and phloem

- transport system- support and protect tissue

113
Q

function of phloem

A
  • vascular tissue that transports nutrients

- transport sugar

114
Q

function of xylem

A

-transport water and nutrients

115
Q

function of cortex

A

outermost layer of stem or root

116
Q

function of epidermis

A
  • protects against water loss
  • regulates gas exchange
  • secretes metabolic compounds
  • absorbs water and mineral nutrients
117
Q

large woody tree example

A

elm

118
Q

large monocot tree example

A

palm tree

119
Q

vascular tissue is (blank) in all monocots

A

grouped into bundles

120
Q

specialized cells that regulate the size of the opening between them

A

guard cells

121
Q

opening between guard cells

A

stomata

-changes in leaf water content change size

122
Q

what is the physiological importance of guard cells?

A

facilitate gas exchange and control transcription

123
Q

when guard cells are full of water, the stomata are

A

open

124
Q

colorless layer deposited on outside of upper epidermal cells

A

cuticle composed of cutin

125
Q

What is located directly to the interior of the guard cells?

A

stomata

126
Q

mesophyll

A

middle of leaf

127
Q

one or two layers of columnar, compact cells that lie directly beneath the upper epidermis

A

palisade mesophyll cells

128
Q

What is present inside palisade mesophyll cells?

A

parenchyma cells (chloroplast)

129
Q

are chloroplasts present inside spongy mesophyll?

A

no, large spaces

130
Q

vein surrounded by a layer of cells called

A

bundle sheath

131
Q

seed

A

protective structure for plant embryo

132
Q

embryonic sporophyte

A

source of nutrition for embryo

133
Q

heterospores (seed plants)

A

produce separate female and male sporangia

134
Q

microspores–>

A

microgametophyte

135
Q

megaspores–>

A

megagametophyte

136
Q

nontracheophytes dominant generation

A

gametophyte

137
Q

nontracheophytes dominant generation

A

gametophyte/ need water for fertilization

138
Q

tracheophytes dominant generation

A

sporophyte

139
Q

all land plants are known as

A

embryophytes

140
Q

nontracheophyte examples

A

mosses, liverworts

141
Q

mosses

A

bryophyta

142
Q

liverworts

A

hepatophyta

143
Q

tracheophyte examples (no seed)

A

horsetail, club moss, fern

144
Q

horsetail

A

spenophyta

145
Q

club moss

A

lycophyta

146
Q

fern

A

pterophyta

147
Q

conifer

A

coniferophyta

148
Q

cycads

A

cycadophyta

149
Q

gingko

A

ginkophyta

150
Q

example of tracheophytes with seeds

A

angiospermae

151
Q

strobilis=

A

cone

152
Q

stamen contains

A

anther and filament

153
Q

pistal contains

A

stigma, style, ovary, ovules

154
Q

the peanut shell is the

A

ovary

155
Q

dispersal method of seeds for fleshy fruits

A

fleshy fruits that animals eat and then defecate

156
Q

dispersal method of seeds for dry fruit

A

dispersed by wind

157
Q

a peanut is a

A

dicotydonae

158
Q

Eudicotyledonae

A

2 seed leaf (dicots)

159
Q

Monocotyledonae

A

1 seed leaf (monocot)

160
Q

determining dicots?

A 
flower parts (4-5)
veins in leaves (branching)
161
Q

determining monocots

A 
flower parts (3,6)
veins in leaves (straight)
162
Q

the kingdom fungi consists of heterotrophic organisms that have (blank)

A

absorptive nutrition

163
Q

most fungi are (blank) or (blank) on other organisms

A

saprophytic, parasitic

164
Q

saprophytic fungi feed on (blank)

A

decaying organic matter

165
Q

saprophytic fungi play an important role in

A

nutrient cycling in soils

166
Q

some fungi are involved in (blank) with plants

A

mutualistic associations

167
Q

are fungi capable of photosynthesis?

A

no

168
Q

fungi not assigned to a phylum because their reproductive structures have not been observed, info from DNA recent

A

imperfect fungi

169
Q

branching filamentous strands of cells in fungi

A

hyphae

170
Q

incomplete divisions between cells of hyphae

A

septa

171
Q

masses of hyphae form

A

mycelium

172
Q

fungal cells have a cell wall composed of

A

chitin

173
Q

asexual reproductive in fungi involves production of

A

haploid spores or conidia

174
Q

unicellular fungi, yeast, can reproduce asexually by

A

budding

175
Q

sexual reproduction in fungi occurs when

A

nuclei of different mating types fuse to form zygote

176
Q

dipoid zygote undergoes (blank) to produce haploid spores in fungi

A

meiosis

177
Q

spores germinate in fungi and produce

A

hyphae

178
Q

asexual reproductive stages in rhizopus fungi produce small round balls, or (blank) on stalks or (blank)

A

sporangia or sporangiophores

179
Q

sexual reproduction in rhizopus occurs when two hyphae grow together to form a single cell called a

A

zygospore

180
Q

rhizopus belongs in phyum

A

zygomycota

181
Q

example of zygomycota

A

bread molds, rhizopus

182
Q

sac fungi belong to what phylum?

A

ascomycota

183
Q

during asexual reproduction of ascomycota, specialized hyphae bear long strands of spores called

A

conidia

184
Q

spores of conidia are small and dust like and are called

A

conidiospores

185
Q

in sexual reproduction in ascomycota, ascospores are produced by meiosis in a sac like cell called

A

ascus

186
Q

asci are found on the fruiting body called an

A

ascocarp

187
Q

what process forms ascospores?

A

meiosis

188
Q

yeast exhibit (blank) in which they consume sugar and release carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol as by-products

A

yeast

189
Q

club fungi and mushrooms belong to what phylum?

A

basidiomycota

190
Q

the fruiting body of basidiomycota contains specialized cells called

A

basidia

191
Q

where are basidia located?

A

gills

192
Q

basidia cells undergo meiosis to produce

A

basidiospores

193
Q

lichen result from

A

symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic organisms and fungus

194
Q

what are the most common fungal symbiont in lichens?

A

ascomycota

195
Q

3 different growth forms in lichen

A
  • crustose
  • foliose
  • fruticose
196
Q

digestive enzymes secreted into substrate and smaller molecules absorbed

A

absorptive nutrition

197
Q

saprophytic

A

decaying organic matter, nutrient cycling

198
Q

fungi are

A

monophyletic

199
Q

branching filamentous strands of cells

A

hyphae

200
Q

incomplete divisions between cells of hyphae

A

septa

201
Q

masses of hyphae

A

mycellum

202
Q

reproductive strategies in fungi

A
  • asexual
  • budding
  • sexual
203
Q

asexual reproduction in fungi

A

haploid spores or conidia

204
Q

budding in fungi

A

unicellular

205
Q

sexual reproduction in fungi

A

no male and female, nuclei of different mating types fuse to form zygote

206
Q

fuse cytoplasm and cell membrane (n+n)

A

plasmogamy

207
Q

karyogamy (2n)

A

fusing nuclei

208
Q

mycornizae ectotrophic

A

surround cells

209
Q

mycornizae endotrophic

A

within cells

210
Q

lichen

A

fungi associated with photosynthesis (algae or cyanobacteria)

211
Q

crustose

A

on rocks and bark- can’t scrape off

212
Q

foliose

A

wavy leaf like growth on fungi- can scrape off

213
Q

fruiticose

A

3D branchy chunk

Biodiversity (12 decks)

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