Lab Test 2 Flashcards
phylogeny
evolutionary history
taxa
groups of species
decent with modification
- Darwin mechanism of evolution
- similar traits passed on throughout generations
cladistic method
taxa are organized into a phylogenetic tree based upon presence of shared, derived characters
shared, derived characters
synapomorphies
parsimony
simplest explanation= best (shortest tree with fewest steps)
characters
traits (derived or ancestral)
root
taxon used = outgroup of tree
group of all taxa that share a common ancestor and therefore are closely related to each other than to any other taxon
clade
two unrelated taxa independently evolve a particular form
convergent evolution
independent evolutionary change
homoplasy
homoplasy creates (blank) traits
analogous
monophyletic
taxon (group of organisms) that forms a clade and descends from a common ancestor
kingdom plantae consists of
multicellular autotrophic organisms
vascular tissue
specialized cells that transport water and nutrients
nontracheophytes
bryophyta and hepatophyta
seedless tracheophytes
lycophyta, pteridophyta (pterophyta and sphenophyta)
seed-producing tracheophytes (no flower)
-coniferophyta, cycadophyta, ginkophyta (gymnosperms)
seed-producing tracheophytes (flower)
angiospermae (anthophyta)
alternation of generations
a multicellular diploid sporophyte generation that produces spores by meoisis alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte that produces gametes by mitosis
sporophyte
produces haploid spores by meosis
gametophyte
produces haploid gametes by mitosis
steps of alternation of generations
1) gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis
2) gametes fuse to form a zygote
3) the zygote develops into a diploid sporophyte
4) sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis
5) spores germinate and divide to form the haploid gametophyte
mosses phyla
bryophyta
liverworts and mosses don’t have
true roots
instead of true roots, liverworts and mosses have
rhizoids
liverworts and mosses are restricted to
moist environments and require water for fertilization
what generation is dominant in liverworts and mosses?
gametophyte
female sex organ nonvascular
archegonium
male sex organ vascular
antheridium
hepatophyta reproduce asexually by means of
gemmae
tracheophytes characterized by
1) a vascular system of xylem and phloem tissue
2) alternation of generations with sporophyte dominant
3) body divided into true roots, stems, leaves
examples of seedless tracheophytes
- pteriodophytes and sphenophyta
- ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
- lycophyta (club moss)
fern phylum
pterophyta
small dark spots on fern
sori
sorus (sori plural) contain
a cluster of sporangia that produce spores
spores germinate to form (blank)
haploid gametophyte generation
anteridia
sperm
archegonia
egg
horsetail phylum
sphenophyta
all living species of the horsetail belong to the genus
Equisetum
sporangia are borne in (blank)
terminal cones called strobili
strobili produce
pine cone part that produces seeds
what are some of the challenges that terrestrial organisms had to overcome when moving out of aquatic habitats?
- needed structural support
- transport of materials from soil and environment to cell
- way for fertilization to occur in non-wet environments
- need seeds so embryo are not damaged/dried out and can still receive nutrients
characteristics of plants
- chlorophyll
- cellulose cell wall
- plastids (store starch)
- lack light-harvesting pigment (phycoerthrin)
land plants=
embryophytes
haploid spore produces
haploid gametophyte
vascular plants are (blank) dominant
sporophyte
in all seed plants, the developing plant embryo is contained within a protective structure called a
seed
what are seeds comprised of?
- embryonic sporophyte
- source of nutrition
- protective coat
heterosporous
produce separate female and male sporangia
female sporangia
megasporangia
male sporangia
microsporangia
what does microsporangia produce
microspores which develop into microgametophyte
gymnosperms have a
naked seed, not inside tissues
-non-flowering
strobilus is also called
cone
examples of gymnosperms
- cycadophyta
- ginkgophyta
- coniferophyta
characteristics of cycads
- oldest
- tropics/ornamental plants
characteristics of ginkgophyta
- only one species in China Ginkgo biloba
- maidenhair trees
- male and female separate (dioecious)
male and female produced by separate individuals
dioecious
male cones produce
microspores
microgametophytes are commonly known as
pollen grains
pollen grains
produce sperm and serve as mechanism for dispersal and delivery of gamete
female cones posses
megasporangia–megaspores–megagametophytes
gemtophyte, egg, and surrounding coat comprise (blank)
ovule
after fertilization, the ovule develops into a
seed
seed contains
embryonic plant, store of nutritive tissue, and protective coat
phylum angiospermae is the
most diverse group of land plants
flower parts of monocots
in threes
flower parts of eudicots
in fours or fives
cotyledons of monocots
one
cotyledons of eudicots
two
leaf venation of monocots
parallel
leaf venation of eudicots
branched, net like
vascular bundles in young stem of monocots
scattered
vascular bundles in young stem of eudicots
in a ring
male gametophyte in flower
stamen
stamen consist of
anther with microsporangia and filament
megasporangia are located within
pistil
pistil is composed of
ovary, style, and stigma
two layers of specialized leaves surround ovules and they are called
petals and sepals
example of monocot flower
gladiola
example of eudicot flower
snap dragon
when pollen grain lands on stigma and pollen tube begins to grow down the stigma until it reaches the megagametophyte
pollination
one sperm fertilizes egg while other fuses with cells in ovule to form triploid endosperm
double fertilization
pollination
when pollen grain lands on stigma and pollen tube begins to grow down the stigma until it reaches the megagametophyte
double fertilization
one sperm fertilizes egg while other fuses with cells in ovule to form triploid endosperm
fruit
developed ovary of flower containing seeds
seed leaves
cotyledons
vascular tissue allows plants to
-transport water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)
cell division and growth are initiated in
meristems
regions of undifferentiated cells that can be found at the ends of the shoots (stem tips) and roots
meristems
central dome of cells near the top of the section of stem tip
apical meristem
leaves in their initial growth stages
leaf primordia
outermost layer of the apical meristem produces
epidermis
layer that gives rise to the plant’s vascular system
procambium
meristem that could form a side branch
axillary bud
region of elongation
where cells grow in length
two types of vascular tissue in plants
xylem and phloem
xylem
conducts water from the roots to all parts of the plant
-cells have thick walls for structural support
phloem
conducts sugars and nutrients produced by photosynthesis to all parts of plant
-don’t have thick cell walls
outermost layer of cells
epidermis
clear, pink stained coating outside cells
cuticle
role of cuticle
prevents water loss
blue-stained particles in cells of cortex
starch granules
role of starch granules
store photosynthate produced by shoot
what is found inside the cortex?
vascular cylinder with thick walled xylem
KNOW helianthus
sunflower stem
things found in helianthus
pith, vascular bundle, phloem, xylem, cortex, epidermis
function of pith
centrally located tissue within a dicot stem
in helianthus (sunflower stem), xylem and phloem vascular bundles are arranged in what shape?
circular
function of vascular bundle
- xylem and phloem
- transport system- support and protect tissue
function of phloem
- vascular tissue that transports nutrients
- transport sugar
function of xylem
-transport water and nutrients
function of cortex
outermost layer of stem or root
function of epidermis
- protects against water loss
- regulates gas exchange
- secretes metabolic compounds
- absorbs water and mineral nutrients
large woody tree example
elm
large monocot tree example
palm tree
vascular tissue is (blank) in all monocots
grouped into bundles
specialized cells that regulate the size of the opening between them
guard cells
opening between guard cells
stomata
-changes in leaf water content change size
what is the physiological importance of guard cells?
facilitate gas exchange and control transcription
when guard cells are full of water, the stomata are
open
colorless layer deposited on outside of upper epidermal cells
cuticle composed of cutin
What is located directly to the interior of the guard cells?
stomata
mesophyll
middle of leaf
one or two layers of columnar, compact cells that lie directly beneath the upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll cells
What is present inside palisade mesophyll cells?
parenchyma cells (chloroplast)
are chloroplasts present inside spongy mesophyll?
no, large spaces
vein surrounded by a layer of cells called
bundle sheath
seed
protective structure for plant embryo
embryonic sporophyte
source of nutrition for embryo
heterospores (seed plants)
produce separate female and male sporangia
microspores–>
microgametophyte
megaspores–>
megagametophyte
nontracheophytes dominant generation
gametophyte
nontracheophytes dominant generation
gametophyte/ need water for fertilization
tracheophytes dominant generation
sporophyte
all land plants are known as
embryophytes
nontracheophyte examples
mosses, liverworts
mosses
bryophyta
liverworts
hepatophyta
tracheophyte examples (no seed)
horsetail, club moss, fern
horsetail
spenophyta
club moss
lycophyta
fern
pterophyta
conifer
coniferophyta
cycads
cycadophyta
gingko
ginkophyta
example of tracheophytes with seeds
angiospermae
strobilis=
cone
stamen contains
anther and filament
pistal contains
stigma, style, ovary, ovules
the peanut shell is the
ovary
dispersal method of seeds for fleshy fruits
fleshy fruits that animals eat and then defecate
dispersal method of seeds for dry fruit
dispersed by wind
a peanut is a
dicotydonae
Eudicotyledonae
2 seed leaf (dicots)
Monocotyledonae
1 seed leaf (monocot)
determining dicots?
flower parts (4-5) veins in leaves (branching)
determining monocots
flower parts (3,6) veins in leaves (straight)
the kingdom fungi consists of heterotrophic organisms that have (blank)
absorptive nutrition
most fungi are (blank) or (blank) on other organisms
saprophytic, parasitic
saprophytic fungi feed on (blank)
decaying organic matter
saprophytic fungi play an important role in
nutrient cycling in soils
some fungi are involved in (blank) with plants
mutualistic associations
are fungi capable of photosynthesis?
no
fungi not assigned to a phylum because their reproductive structures have not been observed, info from DNA recent
imperfect fungi
branching filamentous strands of cells in fungi
hyphae
incomplete divisions between cells of hyphae
septa
masses of hyphae form
mycelium
fungal cells have a cell wall composed of
chitin
asexual reproductive in fungi involves production of
haploid spores or conidia
unicellular fungi, yeast, can reproduce asexually by
budding
sexual reproduction in fungi occurs when
nuclei of different mating types fuse to form zygote
dipoid zygote undergoes (blank) to produce haploid spores in fungi
meiosis
spores germinate in fungi and produce
hyphae
asexual reproductive stages in rhizopus fungi produce small round balls, or (blank) on stalks or (blank)
sporangia or sporangiophores
sexual reproduction in rhizopus occurs when two hyphae grow together to form a single cell called a
zygospore
rhizopus belongs in phyum
zygomycota
example of zygomycota
bread molds, rhizopus
sac fungi belong to what phylum?
ascomycota
during asexual reproduction of ascomycota, specialized hyphae bear long strands of spores called
conidia
spores of conidia are small and dust like and are called
conidiospores
in sexual reproduction in ascomycota, ascospores are produced by meiosis in a sac like cell called
ascus
asci are found on the fruiting body called an
ascocarp
what process forms ascospores?
meiosis
yeast exhibit (blank) in which they consume sugar and release carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol as by-products
yeast
club fungi and mushrooms belong to what phylum?
basidiomycota
the fruiting body of basidiomycota contains specialized cells called
basidia
where are basidia located?
gills
basidia cells undergo meiosis to produce
basidiospores
lichen result from
symbiotic relationship between photosynthetic organisms and fungus
what are the most common fungal symbiont in lichens?
ascomycota
3 different growth forms in lichen
- crustose
- foliose
- fruticose
digestive enzymes secreted into substrate and smaller molecules absorbed
absorptive nutrition
saprophytic
decaying organic matter, nutrient cycling
fungi are
monophyletic
branching filamentous strands of cells
hyphae
incomplete divisions between cells of hyphae
septa
masses of hyphae
mycellum
reproductive strategies in fungi
- asexual
- budding
- sexual
asexual reproduction in fungi
haploid spores or conidia
budding in fungi
unicellular
sexual reproduction in fungi
no male and female, nuclei of different mating types fuse to form zygote
fuse cytoplasm and cell membrane (n+n)
plasmogamy
karyogamy (2n)
fusing nuclei
mycornizae ectotrophic
surround cells
mycornizae endotrophic
within cells
lichen
fungi associated with photosynthesis (algae or cyanobacteria)
crustose
on rocks and bark- can’t scrape off
foliose
wavy leaf like growth on fungi- can scrape off
fruiticose
3D branchy chunk
