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Biodiversity > Unit 3 PAL > Flashcards

Unit 3 PAL Flashcards

1
Q

when did plants move to land?

A

450-500 mya

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2
Q

list 3 challenges that plants faced on land

A
  • dessication (drying out)
  • water and nutrient supply and transport
  • distributing gametes and progeny
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3
Q

how did plants avoid dessication?

A
  • cuticle

- stomata

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4
Q

waxy coating that slows water loss

A

cuticle

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5
Q

tiny pore; regulates gas exchange

A

stomata

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6
Q

how did plants solve the water and nutrient transport problem?

A

by not getting too big and with vascular structures

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7
Q

how do nonvascular plants distribute gametes

A

flagella (need H2O)

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8
Q

how do nonvascular plants distribute progeny

A

haploid spores (wind)

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9
Q

how do vascular (SEEDLESS) plants distribute gametes

A

flagella (need H2O)

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10
Q

how do vascular (SEEDLESS) plants distribute progeny

A

haploid spores (wind)

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11
Q

how do vascular (SEED) plants distribute gametes

A

pollen (wind)

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12
Q

how do vascular (SEED) plants distribute progeny

A

diploid seeds (wind/seed, predation)

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13
Q

how do vascular (flowers) plants distribute gametes

A

pollen (wind./pollinators)

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14
Q

how do vascular (flowers) plants distribute progeny

A

diploid seeds (wind, seed, predation)

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15
Q

what are the similarities between liverworts, mosses, and hornworts?

A
  • lack true leaves, stems, and roots
  • lack a vascular transport system
  • have a thin cuticle (or nonexistent)
  • live in a moist habitat
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16
Q

describe liverworts

A
  • 9000 species
  • gametophyte dominant
  • reproduce both sexually and asexually (gemmae)
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17
Q

describe mosses

A
  • 15000 species
  • have stomata
  • gametophytes begin as branched, filamentous structures called protonema
  • peat
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18
Q

describe hornworts

A
  • 100 species

- gametophytes are flat plates of cells

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19
Q

what are the components of the vascular system?

A

xylem and phloem

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20
Q

what is the specific function of xylem?

A
  • transports H2O and minerals from soil
  • one way flow only
  • cell walls have lignin for support
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21
Q

what is the specific function of phloem?

A
  • transports products of photosynthesis

- two way flow

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22
Q

monocot stem

A

vascular bundles scattered

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23
Q

monocot root

A

vascular bundles in ring (in center)

24
Q

dicot stem

A

vascular bundles in ring

25
Q

dicot root

A

xylem forms “x”, phloem around it

26
Q

What is a new way that vascular plants were able to meet the challenges of water/nutrient transport and support?

A

got taller–> able to get more light and was beneficial for spore dispersal

27
Q

What are the three phyla of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • lycophyta: club mosses
  • sphenophyta: horsetails
  • pterophyta: ferns
28
Q

Are vascular plants gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?

A

sporophyte

29
Q

Describe lycophyta

A
  • club mosses
  • strobili
  • microphylls
  • true roots
30
Q

strobili

A

clusters containing spores

31
Q

microphylls

A

leaflike structures; look like spirals on the stem

32
Q

sphenophyta

A
  • horsetails
  • all species in genus equistum
  • leaves grow in whorls
  • silica in cell walls
33
Q

pterophyta

A
  • ferns
  • leaves can grow to 30 m
  • spores within sori
34
Q

what is overtopping?

A
  • new branches grow beyond others
  • advantage for photosynthesis
  • formed photosynthetic tissues
35
Q

example of photosynthetic tissues

A

megaphyll

36
Q

what did megaphyll aid with

A

increased photosynthetic surface area

37
Q

define gymnosperm

A

“naked seed”

-ovule is not protected by an ovary, seeds not protected by fruit

38
Q

list two innovations of seed plants

A

seeds and woody tissue

39
Q

why was the evolution of woody tissue important?

A
  • allowed secondary growth (horizontal/width)

- extra support allowed plants to get taller (light)

40
Q

list three phyla of gymnosperms

A
  • cycadophyta (300 species-atrium)
  • ginkgophyta (only one living, ginkgo biloba)
  • coniferophyta (700 species)
41
Q

what is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

pollination: pollen grain lands near female gametophyte
fertilization: a pollen tube tunnels to megagametophyte

42
Q

what are the three parts of a seed?

A
  • seed coat
  • food supply
  • embryo
43
Q

seed coat

A

develops from integument

44
Q

food supply

A

female gametophyte

45
Q

embryo

A

new diploid sporophyte generation

46
Q

why was the evolution of seeds such an innovation?

A
  • they are protected resting stages and can remain resting for years and germinate when conditions are favorable
  • seed coat prevents the seed from drying out
  • have adaptations for dispersal
47
Q

define angiosperm

A

“covered seeds”, flowering plants

48
Q

list the 6 synapomorphies of angiosperms

A
  • flowers
  • ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel
  • pollen on a stigma
  • double fertilization
  • endosperm
  • fruit
49
Q

What term is used for grouped flowers?

A

inflorescence

50
Q

what is the difference between a perfect and an imperfect flower?

A

perfect flower- have both mega and microsporangia

imperfect flower- have one or the other, not both

51
Q

What are the advantages of perfect flowers?

A

flower can pass on genes in two different ways; can pollinate and be pollinated

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of perfect flowers?

A

self fertilization

53
Q

Describe double fertilization

A
  • two sperm reach megagametophyte
  • –1 fertilizes the egg and the embryo is formed
  • –1 “fertilizes” central cell and forms triploid (3n) endosperm
54
Q

Define endosperm

A

surrounding food source for the developing embryo

55
Q

what is fruit? and how does it benefit plants?

A

fruit- developed ovary and seed

advantages- protects seeds, useful for dispersal (animals, wind/water)

Biodiversity (12 decks)

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