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Biodiversity > Unit 2 PAL > Flashcards

Unit 2 PAL Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Carl Linnaeus?

A
  • Swedish botanist (1707-1778)
  • Introduced binomial nomenclature, two part scientific name
  • Revolutionized taxonomy
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2
Q

The science of classifying living things

A

taxonomy

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3
Q

study of the physical form or structure of an organism; anatomy, external structures, skeleton

A

morphology

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4
Q

the study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms

A

phylogeny

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5
Q

list 5 sources of information we use in phylogeny

A
  • morphology
  • paleontology
  • behavior
  • development
  • molecular data
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6
Q

What can morphology tell us?

A

-more in common= closer evolutionary relationship

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7
Q

What are some limitations of morphology?

A
  • difficult to compare distantly related species

- some variations are caused by the environment

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8
Q

What can paleontology tell us?

A

when and where an organism lived

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9
Q

What is a limitation of paleontology?

A

possible incomplete fossil record; fragmentary fossils

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10
Q

What can behavior tell us?

A

“active morphology”

-species with similar behavioral patterns may be more closely related

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11
Q

What is a limitation of behavior?

A

often learned, not genetic

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12
Q

What can developmental patterns tell us?

A

-some adult species may look totally different, but develop in similar ways (for ex- frog and sea squirt look similar when young)

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13
Q

What can molecular data tell us?

A
  • DNA used to construct phylogenetic tree

- Mutation accumulate over time; fewer differences= closely related

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14
Q

What is a clade?

A

part of a phylogenetic tree that includes all species linked by descent from a common ancestor

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15
Q

monophyletic

A

clade

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16
Q

polyphyletic

A

missing common ancestor

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17
Q

paraphyletic

A

missing some descendants

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18
Q

What is a taxon?

A

any species or group of species that we designate or name

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19
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

defines a species as a group of individuals/populations that can interbreed with one another and are reproductivly isolated from other such groups

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20
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

groups cannot reproduce with one another (can’t exchange genes)

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21
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A
  • occurs when populations are separated by a physical barrier
  • dominant mode of speciation
  • allo= other and patri= land
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22
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

without physical isolation

-sym= same

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23
Q

List 3 prezygotic isolation mechanisms

A
  • mechanical
  • behavioral
  • temporal
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24
Q

mechanical

A

difference in size and shape of reproductive organs that makes mating impossible

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25
Q

behavioral

A

individuals reject or even fail to recognize potential mates

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26
Q

temporal

A

difference in mating times

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27
Q

What is a post-zygotic isolating mechanism?

A
  • low hybrid fitness

- zygotes or adult offspring have lower fitness, or hybrids infertile

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28
Q

Describe the Dobzhansky Muller Model-

A

1) an ancestral population is divided
2) 2 groups evolve independently
3) in each group, new alleles become fixed at different loci
4) new alleles at the different loci are incompatible with one another

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29
Q

Chipmunk populations on opposite sides of the Grand Canyon are an example of

A

allopatric speciation

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30
Q

The biological species concept is not applicable to

A

asexual organisms

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31
Q

A horse and a donkey mate and produce a mule offspring, which is infertile. This is an example of

A

a postzygotic isolating mechanism

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32
Q

American toads mate in the early part of the summer, while Fowler’s toads mate later in the season. The two remain separate species as a result of

A

temporal isolation

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33
Q

Male fireflies flash their lights in specific patterns. Females only respond to signals flashed by their own species. This is an example of

A

behavioral isolation

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34
Q

How big are bacteria (give an average size or reference)?

A

1-10 um (about 100 cells stacked up across the width of hair)

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35
Q

List the 3 shapes of bacteria

A
  • bacilli (rods)
  • cocci (sphere)
  • spirilla (spirals)
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36
Q

diplo

A

pairs

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37
Q

staphylo

A

clusters

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38
Q

strepto

A

chains

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39
Q

List some similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, need to divide to produce more cells, carry DNA on chromosomes, need to bring a copy of this DNA with then they divide

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40
Q

List some of the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (prokaryotes…)

A
  • circular chromosomes
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • smaller ribosomes
  • divide by binary fission
  • DNA not enclosed in membrane
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41
Q

List some of the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (eukaryotes…)

A
  • linear chromosomes
  • polysaccharide cell walls
  • larger ribosomes
  • divide by mitosis
  • DNA enclosed in nuclear membrane
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42
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

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43
Q

How can we exploit the difference in ribosome size in order to have effective antibiotics?

A
  • prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes

- antibiotics bind to sites on the ribosome and will stop the synthesis of protein, killing cell

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44
Q

How can we exploit differences in the cell wall?

A
  • bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan
  • antibiotics can prevent the formation of functional cell walls
  • most effective with gram positive bacteria
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45
Q

How can we exploit differences in chromosomes?

A
  • prokaryotes have circular DNA, not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
  • they use DNA gyrase to uncoil the DNA during replication
  • antibiotics can be used to target this enzyme, stopping DNA replication and killing cell
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46
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

gram + = thick peptidoglycan cell wall

gram - = thin peptidoglycan cell wall, has outer membrane

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47
Q

How do we test for whether a bacteria is gram positive or negative?

A
  • gram stain
  • stain cells with crystal violet (dye) and if the cells take up this dye, they are gram positive because the thick peptidoglycan wall is holding on to the stain
48
Q

How do we define a bacterial species?

A

not very well- there is no currently accepted species concept for bacteria
-current solution: sequence the 16s RNA gene, look for similarities, if they are 95-97% similar they are an “operational taxonomic unit” (OTU)

49
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

50
Q

How do bacteria communicate?

A

pili

51
Q

Name 2 mechanisms that bacteria use for protection:

A

Biofilm and endospores

52
Q

What is biofilm?

A

a group of bacteria surrounded by a protective slime making it hard to kill bacteria (ex-plaque on teeth)

53
Q

Why do endospores form and what is their function?

A
  • produced by bacillus bacteria when cell is starving
  • endospores contain a copy of the cell’s DNA
  • resistant to heat, drying out, etc
  • remain in dormant state until conditions favorable again
54
Q

What are some ways that bacteria are helpful to us?

A
  • metabolizing medication
  • help solve crimes
  • help in digestion
  • diversity in microbiome keeps potentially harmful bacteria in check
55
Q

Describe actinobacteria

A
  • high GC (guanine, cytosine) content
  • used in development of antibiotics
  • found in soil
  • ex: streptomyces species
56
Q

Describe baceriodetes

A
  • gram negative
  • rod shaped
  • non spore forming
  • commonly found in feces
  • ex: bacterioides species
57
Q

Describe proteobacteria

A
  • most abundant, most diverse # of species

- ex: E Coli and Y Pestis

58
Q

Describe firmicutes

A
  • low GC
  • form endospores
  • ex: bacillus anthracis
59
Q

obligate aerobe

A

cannot survive without O2

60
Q

obligate anaerobe

A

will die in the presence of O2

61
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

can shift metabolism between anaerobic and aerobic

62
Q

aerotolerant anaerboe

A

not damaged by O2, but doesn’t use it

63
Q

What does it mean if an organism is a chemoautotroph?

A

gets energy from inorganic compounds and gets carbon from CO2

64
Q

What does it mean if an organism is a photoheterotroph?

A

gets energy from sunlight and carbon from organic compounds

65
Q

a species is defined as

A

a population of organisms that are able to interbreed

66
Q

Most frogs do not have lower teeth, but the ancestor of frogs did. One frog genus has regained teeth in the lower frog. This is an example of:

A

evolutionary reversal

67
Q

Who developed the two part naming system for classifying organisms?

A

Carl Linnaeus

68
Q

There are different species of shrimp present on different sides of the Isthmus of Panama, a tiny strip of land joining North and South America. This is an example of

A

allopatric speciation

69
Q

What is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree?

A

In cladograms, the branches are arbitrary. In phylogenetic trees, the branches are proportional to time.

70
Q

What is an evolutionary reversal?

A

reverting back to an ancestral trait

71
Q

Define convergent evolution

A
  • independent evolution of the same trait
  • analogous
  • homoplasy
  • ex: wings, fins and shape of sharks/dolphins
72
Q

What is the parsimony principle?

A

tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence- in phylogenetic trees, this is the tree with the fewest evolutionary changes

73
Q

Define monophyletic

A

clade, common ancestor, and all of its descendants

74
Q

Define paraphyletic

A

missing some decendants

75
Q

Define polyphyletic

A

missing common ancestor

76
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

a unifying trait of a clade

77
Q

Define competition

A

both are harmed

78
Q

Define predation

A

one harmed, one benefits

79
Q

Define mutualism

A

both benefit

80
Q

List three types of viruses

A
  • Single stranded RNA viruses (negative sense, positive sense, retrovirus)
  • Double stranded RNA viruses
  • Double stranded DNA viruses (bacteriophages)
81
Q

Describe single stranded RNA viruses

A
  • injects RNA into host cell

- replication occurs in cytoplam of host cell

82
Q

Describe negative sense

A

complementary RNA to mRNA so it needs to first be transcribed into mRNA before it can be translated into protein (rabies)

83
Q

Describe positive sense

A

like mRNA, already set for translation (polio)

84
Q

Describe retrovirus

A

undergoes reverse transcriptase to form DNA (HIV)

85
Q

Describe double-stranded RNA viruses

A
  • replication occurs in cytoplasm of host cell

- ex: bluetongue virus in ruminants

86
Q

Describe double stranded DNA viruses

A
  • replication occurs in nucleus of host cell

- ex: smallpox

87
Q

List the similarities of life in all domains

A
  • have plasma membranes
  • have ribosomes
  • use DNA in central dogmai
88
Q

What was the significance of the development of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • provides support for the cell
  • moves materials throughout the cell
  • helps with distribution of chromosomes in mitosis
89
Q

What is phagocytosis and why is it important in the evolution of eukaryotes?

A

ability to engulf other organisms
engulfed bacteria evolved into organelles
mitochondria and chloroplasts

90
Q

What are the main differences between Archaea and other domains?

A
  • over half of their genes are unique
  • lipids in cell membrane are branched
  • ether linkages
91
Q

Describe the events in the origin of eukaryotic cells:

A
  • loss of cell wall (flexible cell surface)
  • cytoskeleton developed
  • phagocytosis (ability to engulf other organisms)
  • mitochondria and chloroplasts
92
Q

What was the significance of the loss of the cell wall?

A

ratio of surface area to volume decreased

infolding of membrane increased surface area

93
Q

What is endosymbionic theory?

A

engulfed bacteria became organelles (photosynthetic bacteria= chloroplasts, aerobic bacteria= mitochondria)

94
Q

What evidence do we have to support endosymbionic theory?

A

size and shape
circular DNA in organelles
size of ribosomes

95
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • most photosynthesize
  • have flagella
  • symbiotic relationship with coral
96
Q

Apicomplexans

A
  • parasites

- ex) plasmodium (malaria), toxoplasma (toxoplasmids-litter box)

97
Q

Ciliates

A

-heterotrophic
-cilia for locomotion
-vacuoles (digestive- food, contractile- expel water)
PARAMECIUM

98
Q

Diatoms

A
  • unicellular or form colonies in the shape of filaments
  • photosynthetic (20% of world’s carbon supply)
  • bilaterally or radially symmetric
99
Q

Radiolarians

A
  • radial symmetry
  • thin/stiff psuedopods
  • elaborate skeletons
100
Q

Foraminiferans

A

-shells made of calcium carbonate (accumulate to form limestone)

101
Q

Heterolobosean

A
  • Naegleria folwer (“brain eating” amoeba)

- amoeboid body form, not actually amoeba

102
Q

Euglenids

A

have one flagella, some photosynthetic

103
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

parasites,
Ex- trypanosoma (chagas, sleeping sickness)
-undulating membrane (looks like ribbon)

104
Q

Loboseans

A
  • phagocytosis
  • very large
  • have pseudopods
  • don’t have flagella or cilia
105
Q

Plasmodial slime mold

A
  • mass of cytoplasm and nuclei
  • no plasma membrane
  • “streams over substrate”- eating
  • transforms into fruiting structures
  • sporangia holds haploid spores
106
Q

Cellular slime molds

A

-retain plasma membrane, individual cells, haploid

107
Q

As adaptations for flight, the wings of bats and the wings of birds are an example of

A

convergent evolution

108
Q

shared traits derived from a common ancestor are also known as

A

synapomorphies

109
Q

in the study of evolution scientists often look at homologous features in species. What cannot be used as a homologous feature?

A

evolutionary reversal

110
Q

the common ancestor of all the species displayed in a phylogenetic tree lies at the (blank) of the tree

A

root

111
Q

what is formed when two branches diverge from each other in a phylogenetic tree?

A

node

112
Q

the evolutionary relationship among organisms is known as

A

phylogeny

113
Q

the classification of organisms based on appearance alone is known as the (blank) species concept

A

morphological

114
Q

the (blank) species concept holds that species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from each other

A

biological

115
Q

what is not a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

membrane enclosed nucleus

116
Q

what is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

a system for generating ATP

117
Q

Endospores

A
  • survive harsh environmental conditions
  • contain some cytoplasm and replicated nucleic acid
  • enclosed within a tough cell wall
  • resting structure (not reproductive)
  • parent cells only produce one

Biodiversity (12 decks)

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