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Medical Microbiology II - 4336 > Unit 3: Spirochetes > Flashcards

Unit 3: Spirochetes Flashcards

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1
Q

How many generas are there of spirochetes?

What are three spirochetes that are clinically significant human pathogens?

A

8

-Treponema
-Borrelia
- Leptospira

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2
Q

Characteristics of Spirochetes?

A

Long, slender helically curved Gram-negative bacteria with spiral shape, a flexible cell wall, and motility based on axial filaments

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3
Q

List two difficulties associated with spirochetes in the lab.

A

Very difficulty to see under the light microscope (very thin) and difficult to cultivate

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4
Q

How big are spirochetes?

A

5-15 micron in long but only about 0.1 micron wide (so difficulty to be seen under light microscopy

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5
Q

-some are normal inhabitants of oral and genital tract
*do not stain well
-not culturable in vitro

A

Treponema

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6
Q

-requires moist, dark environment to survive and causes venereal syphilis
-European epidemic in 15th century
- Another epidemic after WWII

A

T. pallidum subsp. Pallidum

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7
Q

Syphilis occurs in how many stages?

A

Occurs in three stages: Primary, Secondary and Latent

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8
Q

Describe primary syphilis

A

painless ulcer (chancre), heals in 3 to 6 weeks and may go unnoticed. The bacteria disseminate during this stage

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9
Q

Describe secondary syphilis

A

ill, fever, weight loss and skin rash, moth-eaten appearance due to loss of eyebrows. Infected person is very contagious (sexually transmitted disease AND contact disease)

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10
Q

Describe latent syphilis

A

The person may stay at this stage for a rest of life and not very contagious to others. About 35% of untreated patients will enter a late or tertiary stage 10 to 25 years after infections that are associated with gummas (soft gummy tumors)

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11
Q

What bacteria causes Yaws?

What type of climate is it found in?

A

T. pallidum subsp. pertenue

Humid, ward climates, mostly under 15 years

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12
Q

How is Yaws transmitted?

A

Not sexually transmitted, organism enters through traumatized skin

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13
Q

What is the treatment of Yaws?

A

a single shot of penicillin

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14
Q

What are the stages of Yaws?

A

-First stage: initial bump (mother yaw)
-Secondary stage: Crops of bumps, swelling lymph glands
-Tertiary stage: destroy skin, bone and joints

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15
Q

What bacteria causes Bejel?

A

T. pallidum subsp. endemicum

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16
Q

Who and where is Bejal mostly seen in?

A

-Mostly in children in warm climates
-A endemic non-venereal syphilis

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17
Q

How is Bejel transmitted?

A

Mouth to mouth transmission, sharing utensils

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18
Q

Symptoms of Bejel?

A

Begins with a small mucous path, often on the interior of the mouth, followed by the appearances of raised, eroding lesions on the limbs and trunk.

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19
Q

What is Pinta?

A

-Result in large, scaly, red lesions called pintids
-Does not progress deep into the body (superficial)

20
Q

What bacteria causes Pinta?

A

T. carateum

21
Q

How is Pinta transmitted?

How is Pinta treated?

A

Not sexually transmitted, through skin abrasions

Penicillin single shot

22
Q

What bacteria causes Sodoku?

How is is best viewed?

A

Spirillium minus

Darkfield microscopy**

23
Q

Sodoku is associated with ___________ fever (similar to S. moniformis)

A

rat-bite

24
Q

What are the symptoms of Sodoku?

A

-Chills, open sore at the site of bite
-Rash- may be red/purple plaques
-Swollen lymph nodes near bite

25
Q

How is Sodoku treated?

A

with penicillin

26
Q

What bacteria causes human relapsing fever (high temp and flulike symptoms every few days)
-worldwide

A

Borrelia recurrentis

27
Q

What are the vectors for Borrelia recurrentis?

epidemic- ___________
endemic- ____________

A

Louse

tick

28
Q

What causes relapsing fever with Borrelia recurrentis?

A

because of antigenic variation (spirochetes change surface proteins)

29
Q

How is Borrelia recurrentis viewed?

A

under light microscopy if symptoms are present

30
Q

What bacteria causes Lyme diseases?

What is the vector?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi
Vector: Ixodes ticks (all stages)

31
Q

What is the most common vector borne disease in the U.S?

A

Lyme disease***

32
Q

What symptoms and conditions can lyme disease cause? (first and later stage)

A

First stage: erythema migrans (bullseye), usually appears at the site of tick bite
Later stage: arthritis, neurologic disorders, carditis

33
Q

What testing is done to determine lyme disease? What is a disadvantage?

A

Serology test: standard (false positives) *bc it can cross-reacts to other spirochetes

IB (immunoblotting): confirm test.

34
Q

-Zoonotic; excreted in urine of animals
-Can enter through breaks in skins, eye
-Swimming, hunting, canoeing, farmers, ranchers, veterinarians etc.

A

Leptospira interrogans

35
Q

What does Leptospira interrogans cause?

A

leptospirosis: Anicteric and icteric (jaundice)

36
Q

Difference between Anicteric and Icteric Leptospirosis?

A

-Anicteric: milder, self-limiting, high fever and headaches 3-7 days (septicemic), followed by immune stage (aseptic meningitis)

-Icteric (Weil’s disease): severe, liver, kidney or vascular dysfunction with pulmonary hemorrhage

37
Q

What are the two ways Leptospira interrogans is diagnosed?

A

-microscopy

-serological tests

???

38
Q

Light microscopy is used for diagnosis of…

Dark field or Fluorescent microscopy is for diagnosis of…

A

Borrelia, Leptospira, or spirillum

Treponema

39
Q

detect reaginic Ab developed against lipids released from damaged cells (not specific antigen), e.g. RPR and VDRL test. RPR uses charcoal to visualize flocculation while VDRL uses cardiolipin-cholesterol antigen to detect reaginic antibodies.

A

Nontreponemal test
-non-specific, non-
diagnostic

40
Q

What is a positive titer result?

what does a low RPR titer indicate?

A

-titer 1:2 or more

-therapy completion, early disease, biological false-positives (bc not detecting the bacteria itself)

41
Q

What can cause Biological false positives (BFPs) when testing for these types of infections?

A

-Due to tissue damage or cross-reactivity
-Any other spirochetes diseases
-Autoimmune diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis or tissue disorders
-Malignant tumors
-Infectious diseases such as mononucleosis, hepatitis, viral infections (e.g. measles, HIV)

42
Q

Confirmatory tests for syphilis?

A

Treponemal tests
-Detect Ab specific for
treponemal antigens

43
Q

What are the two-main treponemal tests used?

A

FTA-ABS and MHA-TP***

44
Q

Treponemal test:

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption: serum (Ab) mixed with not pathogenic Treponeme strain (Reiter strain) and stained with FITC labeled Ab

A

FTA-TP

45
Q

Treponemal test:

MHA-TP?

A

Microhemagglutination Treponema

46
Q

Treponemal test:

uses RBCs coated with T. pallidum antigens. Perform in a well.*

A

Pallidum

47
Q

What does a positive and negative MHA-TP test look like?

A

Negative: RBC sediment at bottom
Positive: agglutination

Medical Microbiology II - 4336 (20 decks)

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