Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Microbiology II - 4336 > Test 2 Review > Flashcards

Test 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Mycobacteria vaccine?

A

BCG aka Bacilli Calmete Guerin vaccine
-stimulates the cell mediated response (M. tuberculosis is largely intracellular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mycobacteria:

The live attenuated vaccine is made from….

A

M. Bovis (cow TB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is sputum decontaminated?

A

-NAOH will decontaminate but too much can kill mycobacteria
-NALC is a digestant and will liquify the sputum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can be used on specimens contaminated with pseudomonas or proteus?

A

Zephiran-trisodium phosphate & oxalic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Preparation & Digestion of Sputum, what are the steps?

A
  1. Add NALC/NaOH
  2. Vortex, then let sit for 15 minutes
  3. Add buffer to stop reaction, then centrifuge at high speed
  4. Pour off supernatant & make smears; inoculate solid/liquid media
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Target cell wall synthesis (binds to penicillin binding proteins [PBP])
· Blocks polymer cross linking
· Beta-lactams contain a beta-lactam ring
· Broad spectrum (can target gram – and gram +)
· Structurally similar to acyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine

A

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anything ending with -cillin, or -penem or starts with ceph-

A

Beta-Lactams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The antibiotics that fall under Penicillin?

A

Penicillin G - Dicloxacillin
- Amoxicillin - Flucloxacillin
- Nafcillin - Carbenicillin
- Oxacillin - Ticarcillin
- Piperacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The antibiotics that fall under Cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefazolin - Cephalexin
  • Cefuroxime - Cefoxitin
  • Ceftriaxone -ceftazidime
  • Cefazoline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The antibiotics that fall under Carbapenems?

A
  • Imipenem - Meropenem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the antibiotic that is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

Fosfomycin (inhibits enzyme at first step of cell wall synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What antibiotics fall under Glycopeptides/lipoglycopeptides?

A
  • Vancomycin - teicoplanin
  • Bacitracin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of monobactam bacteria?

A

Aztreonam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the classes of antibiotics that fall under “Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors” (Beta-Lactams)

A

-penicillin
-Cephalosporins
- Carbapenems
- Enzyme Inhibitor
- Glycopeptides/lipoglycopeptides
- Monobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acts as detergents by interacting with the phospholipids
· Results in leakage of macromolecules from bacterial cells
· Also attacks human cell membranes causing toxicity issues (neuro & nephrotoxicity)

A

Polymyxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Polymyxin is often combined with neomycin & ___________ as topical antimicrobial

A

Bacitracin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Binds cell wall & disrupts it (Gram POSITIVE)
· Inserts hydrophobic tail into membrane

A

Lipopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four main cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic types?***

A
  1. Beta-lactams
  2. Enzyme inhibitors
  3. Glycopeptides/lipoglycopeptides
  4. Monobactam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the antibiotics that target the cytoplasm membrane?

A

Polymyxin B, collistin, Daptomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four antibiotic types that target Nucleic acid synthesis?

A
  1. DNA gyrase and topoisomerases:
  2. Interacting with DNA
  3. RNA polymerase
  4. Folate Synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis:

What are the antibiotics that target DNA gyrase and topoisomerase?

A

Quinolones ( —-floxacin (Fluroroquinolines) e.g. Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, Trofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gemifloxacin), Enoxacin, nalidixic acid).

22
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis:

Example of antibiotic that causes loss of helical DNA structure?

A

Metronidazole

23
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis:

Example of RNA polymerase antibiotic

24
Q

Nucleic acid synthesis:

Examples of antibiotic that targets folate synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim

25
Antibiotics that target protein synthesis by either the ______ subunit or the _____ subunit.
50S, 30S
26
What are the antibiotics that target the 50S subunit?
a. Macrolides or ketolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin), b. Licosamide (clindamycin), c. chloramphenicol, d. Oxazolidinones (linezolid, sutezolid, Eperezolid, Radezolid, Contezolid, Posizolid, Tedizoid, Depazolid), e. streptogramins (Quinupristin, dalfopristin, pritinamycin, virginamycin)
27
What are the antibiotics that target the 30S subunit?
Tetracyclines or Glycylglycines (derivatives of tetracyclines, e.g. Doxycycline, Tegecycline), Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, neomycin, and streptomycin)
28
Common synergistic:
beta-lactam + aminoglycosides
29
What is used only for UTI?
Nitrofurantoin
30
What antibiotic is gram positive only?
Glycopeptides/lipoglycopeptides
31
Resistance to vancomycin by enterococcus by the vanA, vanB, vanC, vanD and vanE (vanA is the most common)
Monobactam Aztreonam
32
Acts as detergents by interacting with the phospholipids ·Results in leakage of macromolecules from bacterial cells Also attacks human cell membranes causing toxicity issues (neuro & nephrotoxicity) Cyclic lipopeptides Polymyxin B & Colistin Polymyxin is often combined with neomycin & bacitracin as topical antimicrobial Colistin was used for gram negative rod infections, but have severe renal toxicity (no longer used, unless it’s the last line of defense)
Polymyxin
33
Binds cell wall & disrupts it (Gram POSITIVE) Inserts hydrophobic tail into membrane Daptomycin Daptomycin has potent activity against gram positive cocci Treats MRSA and VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus) Large size prevents it from penetrating gram negative membrane Not good for respiratory infections; lung surfactant inactivates it
Lipopeptides
34
-Generally bacteriostatic, but can be bactericidal -Binds to the 23s ribosomal RNA on the 50S ribosomal subunit -Disrupts the growing peptide chain by preventing translocation -Uptake difficulties with gram negative bacteria
50S Subunits: Macrolides/Ketolides
35
50S Subunits: Macrolides/Ketolides examples?
Erythromycin - Clarithromycin Azithromycin - roxithromycin
36
Prevents elongation (interferes with peptidyl transfer) Works against gram + and some anaerobic gram – Increased c diff infections!!
50S Subunits: Lacosamide
37
50S Subunits: Lacosamide example?
Clindamycin
38
50S subunit: -Inhibits peptidyl transferase -Gram negative!
Chloramphenicol
39
50S subunit: -Newer class -Synthetic -Binds the 23S ribosomal RNA of 50S subunit, prevents the formation of functional 70S initiation complex, preventing replication and translation -No cross resistance with other drugs -Gram positive & mycobacteria!
Oxazolidinones
40
50S subunit: examples of Oxazolidinones?
Linezolid - sutezolid Eperezolid - Radezolid Contezolid - Posizolid Tedizolid -Depazolid
41
50S subunit: - Synergistic -Dalfopristin binds to ribosomal 50S subunit changing the conformation - This increases the affinity of quinupristin which binds to the bacterial ribosome -The double binding interrupts protein synthesis & blocks bacterial growth
Streptogramins
42
examples of Streptogramins?
Quinupristin - dalfopristin Pristinamycin - virginiamycin
43
30S subunit: Broad spectrum Bacteriostatic Incoming tRNA-AA complex cannot bind to ribosome G+ & G- & intracellular pathogens Cutaneous phototoxicity Glycylglycines reversibly bind the 30S ribosomal subunit
Tetracyclines/Glycylglycines
44
30S subunit:
45
30S subunit:
46
30S subunit:
47
M. avium and _________ closely resemble each other.
M. intracellulare -frequently called MIA -distinction cannot be made by routine laboratory testing
48
-causes slowly progressing pulmonary infections -High temps!!!!! -water!
M. xenopi
49
-Burli ulcer (neglected tropical disease) -causes scarring that can progress to the bone -grows at lower temps
M. ulcerans
50
-skin infections but they can disseminate -requires hemin! (sub. culture chocolate plate)
M. heamophilus
51
-Runyon group that grows in less than 7 days. -ubiquitous -disease in immunocompromised persons
Runyon group 4
52
examples of Runyon group 4 organisms?
-M. fortuitum- -M. chelonae -M. abscessus

Medical Microbiology II - 4336 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions