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Medical Microbiology II - 4336 > Blakes class review > Flashcards

Blakes class review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which pair is mismatched?
Allergic to pen-

A

Allergic to penicillin-ampicillins

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2
Q

Metronidazole…
Mechanism is
What like effects
Effective against

A

Mechanism not understood
Bactericidal (ROS
Effective against anaerobes
Disulfiram-like effect

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3
Q

Inhibitors of DNA synthesis
Effective against gram what and what
Prophylaxis against and is what

A

Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin)
Bactericidal/inhibition of DNA gyrase
Effective against G- aerobic cocci and antipseudomonal
Prophylaxis against anthrax, oral, excellent tissue penetration

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4
Q

Inhibitors of folate metabolism
Compete with
Given
What metabolism and excretion
Generally

A

Compete with PABA in folate synthesis
Generally bacteriostatic
Oral absorption
Liver metabolism and renal excretion

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5
Q

Tetracyclines…
deposits in what
Used to treat severe what
Reversible binds
Bacterio what in blank

A

Bind reversibly to 30SBacteriostatic in therapeutics
Deposited in bones/teeth (Fe2+)
Used to treat severe acne (topical/oral administration)

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6
Q

Chloramphenicol…
Reversible bind to
Broad and what absorption after what consumption
Best what penetration and effective against what
What metabolism and excretion

A

Reversibly binds 50S subunit and is bacteriostatic
Broad spectrum and rapid absorption after oral consumption
Best CNS penetration and effective against anaerobes
Liver metabolism, renal excretion

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7
Q

Aminoglycosides are…
Rapid excreted by
Poor blank penetration and should be given
And different types
Binds what

A

Streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, and neomycin
Bind 30 S subunit
Rapidly excreted by the kidney
Poor CNS penetration (except in case of inflammation) and should be given parenterally

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8
Q

Clindamycin…
Against a wide range of what and what
Can cross what
Given what way but exhibits poor blank penetration

A

Reversibly binds 50S ribosomal subunit and is metabolized by the liver
Against a wide range of G+ aerobics and anaerobic G+ and G-
Bactericidal or bacteriostatic and can cross the placenta readily
Can be given in any way but exhibits poor CNS penetration

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9
Q

Erythromycin is…
Powerless against many blank bacteria
The drug of choice for treatment for

A

Powerless against many G- bacteria
The DOC for treatment of Legionnaire’s disease and M. pneumonia

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10
Q

Macrolides…
Effective against lots of blank but blank is resistant
All except what are eliminated by bile
Binds the blank
All are taken

A

Bind the 50S subunit irreversibly
Effective against lots of G+, but the majority of G- is resistant to it
All are taken orally
All except Azithromycin are eliminated by bile and through feces

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11
Q

Macrolides and aminoglycosides are generally known as…

A

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

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12
Q

Cycloserine…
Broad spectrum what
User only to treat
Inhibits attachment of

A

Is a broad-spectrum antibioticUsed only to treat TB (second line)
Inhibits attachment of peptide side chain to the peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Bacitracin…
inhibits transmembrane transport of
Is a blank
Is used blank for blank
Is given

A

Inhibits transmembrane transport of the peptidoglycan subunits
Is a cyclic polypeptide
Is used topically due to nephrotoxicity

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14
Q

Vancomycin
Prevent peptidoglycan what
Causes what
VRE are usually blank

A

Prevents peptidoglycan elongation and is bactericidal
Is very useful against penicillin/methicillin-resistant S. aureus
VRE are usually resistant to all other antibiotics (drug of last resort
Adverse effects are ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and red man syndrome (flushing from histamine release)

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15
Q

Carbapenems
Given what
Blank activity but what resistance
Blank can cause what

A

Are Imipenem and Meropenem
Given IV only
Broad spectrum activity but pseudomonal resistance may develop (combination with aminoglycosides is recommended)
Imipenem can cause seizures

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16
Q

Monobactams…
Are resistant to
No activity against
Blank sensitive
Only what administration
No cross sensitivity with other

A

Are resistant to B-lactamases
Have no activity against
G+ and anaerobes
Acid sensitive (IM/IV only)
No cross-sensitivity with other b-lactam antibiotics

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17
Q

How toxic are cephalosporins in general?
Safer then what
Can cause
Synergistic

A

They’re fairly safer than penicillin
Still cause superinfections
Can cause dose-dependend renal tubular necrosis
Synergistic nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides

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18
Q

Cefepime…
Is the what generation blank
Is more resistant to blank
Can only be given
Is excreted what
Has blank activity and better

A

Is the only 4th generation cephalosporin
Is more resistant to B-lactamase and can only be given parenterally
Is excreted renally
Has antipseudomonal activity and has better G+ coverage

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19
Q

Third generation cephalosporins are:
Metabolized in the blank and excreted by
Good what penetration
Type of drug
Effective against blank and less effective against blank and a few have
Increased blank and are blank resistant

A

Metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidney
Have good CNS penetration (cefoperazone, cefotaxime)
Are very effective against G-, less effective against G+, and have antipseudomonal activity (few)
Acid resistant and increased B-lactamase resistance

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20
Q

Second generation Cephalosporins
do not:

A

Lack antipseudomonal activity and are acid sensitive

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21
Q

Which best describes the general properties of 1st generation cephalosporins?

A

Good G+ coverage and moderate G- activity
No antipseudomonal activity
Renal excretion
Acid resistance-orally given

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22
Q

Cephalosporins attack bacteria by blocking terminal cross-linking of peptidoglycans and by activating cell wall autolytic enzymes.
True or false

A

True

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23
Q

What is the single best answer for penicillin toxicity?
Blank type of shock
Give blank to treat type of shock
Blank imbalance
What disturbances
What type of infections

A

Allergy-anaphylactic shock
(give Epinephrine)
Electrolyte imbalance
GI disturbances
Superinfections

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24
Q

By what means bacteria build resistance against antipseudomonaal penicillins
Destruction by
Alterations in blank to hinder
Inactivation of what

A

Inactivation ( destruction by b-lactamase)
Decreased permeability of bact.
cell wall or lack of cell wall
Alteration in PBP’s to hinder penicillin binding
Inactivation of autolytic enzymes

25
Q

Which of the following is not characteristic of antipseudomonal penicillins?
Blank resistant and administered

A

Acid resistant (can be administered orally

26
Q

Augmentin…

A

Can Treat B-lactamase-producing
organisms

27
Q

Ampicillin rash is not a hypersensitivity reaction in children or patients with EBV infection

true or false

A

True

28
Q

Name the two most popular extended spectrum penicillins

A

Ampicillin and Amoxycillin

29
Q

What major properties do penicillinase resistant antibiotics have?
Lower what and some blank
Some blank coverage
Some are blank stable and type
Blank metabolism and blank exertion

A

Lower G+ activity, and some G-ve
Some anaerobe coverage
Some are acid stable (oxacillin)
Hepatic metabolism and renal excretion

30
Q

What three antimicrobial agents are designated antistaphylococcal penicillins?

A

Nafcillin
Cloxacillin
Oxacillin

31
Q

Which Pen. is only available in oral form?

A

Pen. V

32
Q

Penicillin G cause what infections

A

Hypersensitivity
Diarrhea

33
Q

Penicillin G works against:

A

G+cocci
G-cocci
G+bacilli
T. pallidum

34
Q

All the following describe Penicillin G’s general properties except

A

High antipseudomonal activity

35
Q

Penicillin G properties

A

Highest G+ coverage
Eliminated through filtration
Eliminated through filtration
Some G-coverage
B-lactamase sensitive

36
Q

The following are narrow spectrum penicillin, except:

A

Ampicillin

37
Q

The following are narrow spectrum penicillin

A

Penicillin G
Benzathine penicillin
Penicillin V
Procaine penicillin

38
Q

Clostridium dificile has two toxins. Toxin A is an ________.

A

Enterotoxin

39
Q

Clostridium botulinum produces seven different botulinum toxins(A-G). Which types are associated with human infections

A

A, B,E

40
Q

Gram positive Spore-forming Anaerobic
Bacilli are all classified as _____.

A

Clostridium

41
Q

Clostridium perfringens is associated with two types of food poisoning. Type A is ____.

A

A mild and self-limited illness of
the GI tract

42
Q

Clostridium perfringens is associated with two types of food poisoning. Type C is ____.

A

More serious but rarely seen
GI illness

43
Q

Bacterial vaginosis involves the overgrowth of Mobiluncus species, an _________ anaerobe.

A

Endogenous

44
Q

The absence of leukocytes in Human infections rules out anaerobic infection

true or false

A

Falsee

45
Q

About half the bacteria in cervical and vaginal cultures are anaerobes; cannot be distinguished as indigenous or actually causing infection

True or false

A

True

46
Q

Clostridiums species are most frequently isolated from _____ anaerobic infections

A

Exogenous

47
Q

Moderate anaerobes are unable to multiply in an atmosphere containing more than ____

A

2-8% oxygen

48
Q

The only anaerobe of interest in the Gastrointestinal tract is ____

A

C. difficile

49
Q

Spores of Clostridia may be grouped by the location of the spore. Spores are described as

A

Terminal
Subterminal
Central

50
Q

_____% of bacteria in saliva, nasal washings and gingival and tooth scrapings are anaerobic

A

90

51
Q

Only a few genera of anaerobic Gram negative rods are seen in clinical specimens. Which of these is not one of the major four.

A

Clostridium histolytica

52
Q

Gram stain for Actinomyces show thin Gram ______ branching rods

A

Positive

53
Q

Clostridium. difficile is the only Clostridia infection of ______ origin.

A

Endogenous

54
Q

Type C enterotoxin from Clostridium perfringens requires what kind of treatment?

A

Treatment with antibiotics
Endogenous

55
Q

Clostridium difficile has two toxins.
Toxin B is an ________.

A

Cytotoxin

56
Q

Blank anaerobes are seldom associated
with human infections

A

Strict

57
Q

Type A enterotoxin from Clostridium
perfringens requires what kind of
treatment?

A

Fluid replacement

58
Q

Mobiluncus species are______
Gram-positive rods

A

Curved

59
Q

Right matched pairs

A

Standard prophylaxis-amoxicillin
Unable to take orally-ampicillin
Allergic to penicillin and can’t swallow pills-cindamycin/cefazolin
Allergic to penicillin-clindamycin/cephalexin/azithromycin

Medical Microbiology II - 4336 (20 decks)

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