Unit 2 Sex Hormones Flashcards
What is Estrogen?
Steroid hormone associated with the female reproductive organs.
What is Estrogen responsible for?
Responsible for the develpoment of female sexual characteristics
What is the Estrogen regulated by?
Regulated by the negative feedback effect of estrogen on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
What makes the most estrogen hormones?
Ovaries
Except for the ovaries, which produce estrogen hormones in small amounts?
Adrenal glands
What is Estradiol?
Predominant form of estrogen
What is the main job of estrogen?
Main job is to produce our secondary sexual characteristics.
What effect does Estrogen have on the breast?
Estrogen is responsible for maturation during puberty and also responsible for the development of mammary ducts during puberty and pregnancy.
This helps secrete breast milk in postpartum lactation.
Mammary duct (milk duct)
What effect does Estrogen have on the Uterus?
Estrogen helps to proliferate endometrial cells in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, thickening the endometrial lining in preparation for pregnancy.
WE NEED TO KNOW ALL THE PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
What effect does Estrogen have on contraception 피임?
Estrogen suppresses the hypothalamus release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and pituitary release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Preventing ovulation during the menstrual (생리) cycle.
Ovulation is the release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary, making it available for fertilization.
What effect does Estrogen have on vagina?
Proliferation of epithelial mucosa cells of the vagina and the vulva.
What can absence of Estrogen do to vagina?
absence of estrogen, the vaginal and vulvar mucosal epithelium becomes thin and presents with symptoms of dryness known as vulvovaginal atrophy
What effect does Estrogen have on Bones?
During puberty, estrogen aids in the development of long bones and fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates.
Protects bones by inactivating osteoclast activity, preventing osteoporosis
What effect does Estrogen have on Cardiovascular?
increases high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglyceride levels while decreasing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and total plasma cholesterol.
Overall, it reduces the risk of coronary artery disease
How long does Menstrual bleeding last?
3 to 7days, avg 5 days
How much blood loss can occur during Menstrual cycle?
0.5 to 2.5 ounces of blood
A shot glass of blood
What hormones regulate the menstrual cycle? (Part 1)
LH and FSH, which are produced by the pituitary gland, promote ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.
What hormones regulate the menstrual cycle? (Part 2)
Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the uterus and breasts to prepare for possible fertilization.
How many phases does the menstrual cycle have?
Three phases
What are three phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular (before release of the egg)
Ovulatory (Egg release)
Luteal (after egg release)
What does the ovaries produce?
Estrogens and Progesterone
What does our brain produce?
LH and FSH, but indirectly through the pituitary gland.
What is Testosterone converted to Estrogen via?
(In men)
Enzyme aromatase
In men, what odes Estrogen contribute to?
Estrogen contributes to early sexual development as well as sexual behavior in adulthood.
In men, what else does Estrogen do?
Estrogen can sustain libido 성욕 as well as affect the amount of serotonin receptors in the brain modulating mood, mental state, cognition, and emotion.
Mott: AKA adding estrogen to men, makes someone go from mean man, caveman, I lift weights at the gym to I have conscious and have emotions that I can express.
What is Testosterone?
Primary male hormone responsible for regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis and fertility.
Where is Testosterone first seen in?
First seen in the fetus around week 6. So we can’t tell the gender of the baby until week 6. Before week 6, the reproductive tissues of males and females are identical. At around week 7 in utero, it initiates the development of the testicles.
What are the secondary male characteristics that are responsible for masculinity?
Male hair patterns
Vocal changes and voice deepening
Anabolic effects which include growth spurts in puberty, skeletal muscle growth
Testosterone also stimulates erythropoiesis, which results in higher hematocrit (red blood cells) in males versus females.
When do Testosterone levels tend to drop?
As we age, men tend to experience a decrease in testicular size, lower bone density, muscle mass decline, increased fat production and decreased erythropoiesis which leads to possible anemia.
Anemia is a condition in which the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues and organs. This can cause fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and pale skin.
What does testosterone do to the brain?
It plays a role in certain behaviors like aggression and dominance. It also helps to spark competitiveness and boost self-esteem.
What does taking part in competitive activities do to a man’s testosterone levels?
Cause a man’s testosterone levels to rise or fall.
What can affect testosterone levels?
Sexual activity
What can low testosterone do to a man?
May result in a loss of confidence and lack of motivation. It can also lower a man’s activity to concentrate or cause feelings of sadness.
Low testosterone can cause sleep disturbances and lack of energy.
What can low testosterone do to women?
The symptoms of androgen deficiency in women may very closely resemble other conditions.
The chief complaint is decreased sexual desire, which is often characterized by a decrease in sexual thoughts and fantasies, as well as actions.
What is another complaint of androgen deficiency in women?
Muscle weakness, especially in athletic patients.
Risk factors of Red-S
RED-S (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport) is a condition that occurs when an athlete’s energy intake is too low compared to the energy they expend through exercise.
Decrease in dietary intake
Increased exercise energy
Expenditure
Desire for weight loss
Disordered eating/training behavior
Sport identity
Changes in hunger hormones
Long term exposure risks of Red-s
Reproductive dysfunction
Impaired bone health
Bradycardia
low resting metabolic rate
What are the symptoms of short term misuse of Anabolic Steroids?
Paranoid jealousy 피해망상적인
Extreme irritability and aggression
Delusions
Impaired judgment
Mania (Mania is a mental health condition characterized by an abnormally high, intense, and persistent mood, energy, and activity level. )
What are the symptoms of long term misuse of Anabolic Steroids?
Kidney problems or failure
Liver damage and tumors
Enlarged heart, high blood pressure, and changes in blood cholesterol which increases the risk of stroke and heart attack and also increased risk f blood clots.
What are the symptoms of misuse of Anabolic Steroids in men?
Shrinking testicles
decreased sperm count
baldness
development of breasts
What are the symptoms of misuse of Anabolic Steroids in women?
Growth of facial hair or excess body hair
Decreased breast size
Male-pattern baldness
changes in or stop in the menstrual cycle
enlarged clitoris (penis shaped)
deepened voice
Hormone Secretion by other organs
What does adipose tissue release?
Adipose cells release Leptin, Resistin, and Adiponectin.
What does Leptin do?
Appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure 소비[소모]
What does Resistin do?
Insulin antagonist
What does Adiponectin do?
Enhances sensitivity to insulin
ON THE EXAM: Leptin with Red-s because people with RED-s will have low body fat which deals with Leptin who does appetite control and stimulates increased energy expenditure.
Hormone Secretion by other organs
What does Gastrointestinal tract secrete?
Enteroendocrine cells secrete these hormones.
Gastrin which stimulates the release of HCI (Hydrocleic acid)
Ghrelin from stomach stimulates food intake
Secretin which stimulates liver and pancreas
Cholecystokinin (CCK) activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter
Incretins which enhance insulin release and inhibit glucagon
Hormone Secretion by other organs
What does the heart release?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases blood sodium concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume.
Hormone Secretion by other organs
What does the kidneys release?
Erythropoietin, signals production of red blood cells
Renin, initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.
Hormone Secretion by other organs
SOME QUESTION ON THE EXAM
What does the skeleton/bone release?
Osteoblasts in bone secrete osteocalcin
What does osteocalcin do?
Osteocalcin is going down to the pancreas to basically secrete more insulin.
Hormone Secretion by other organs
What does the skin release?
Cholecalciferol, precursor of vitamin D
Calcitriol, active form of vitamin D
Which hormone turns the precursor of vitamin D to active form of vitamin D?
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone Secretion by other organs
What does the Thymus release?
Large in infants and children; shrinks with age
Deals with our immune system
Classified as hormones but act as paracrines.
