Second Week Flashcards
Eukaryotic Cells
Have a distinct nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells
No clear nucleus (nuclear material is spread out)
Cells Form —>
Tissues–> Froms organs—-> Forms systems
Cell Membrane (Role/Function)
-Keep the cell together
-Give and maintain shape
-Separate from surroundings
-Responsible for allowing materials in and out of the cell (Selective Permeability)
Cell Membrane (Made out of ?)
Lipids (fat) (Proteins are present for active transport)
Cell Membrane Composition
-Phospholipids
-Cholesterol
-Amphipathic
Cell Membrane: Two types of Transport Methods
Passive and Active Transport
Passive Transport
-Requires no extra energy
-Substances move down the concentration gradient
Active Transport
-Requires energy expenditure
-Substances are moved up against the concentration gradient
Types of Passive Transport
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
Diffusion
Solute moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration until an equal distribution is reached
-It is necessary for the transportation of O2 from the lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to the lungs
Osmosis
Transportation of H2O across a concentration gradient
-Happens with a high concentration of a solute on one side of the membrane
Osmotic Pressure
The “pull” of a substance to move water toward an area of high concentration.
Hypertonic Solution
Greater amount of solute in solution surrounding the cell rather than in the cell
-Water will rush out of the cell > cell shrinks
Hypotonic Solution
Less solutes outside the cell compared to inside
-Cell will pull water in > cell could burst
Isotonic Solution
Balance amount of solute in and out of cell
Filtration (Passive Transportation )
Pressure forces water and its solutes through a membrane
-Selective process only solutes that can fit through the membrane will pass through
Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transportation)
Carrier Mediated: A variation of diffusion where protein channels assist with transport across the membrane
-It is highly specific due to binding mechanisms
Diffusion (More notes)
It is the most common form of passive transport in which a substance of higher concentration travels to an area of lesser concentration.
-Ex: Adding a packet of powdered drink mix to a pitcher of water, or the smell of a classmate’s perfume filling a room.
Diffusion is necessary to:
-Move oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream
-Move carbon dioxide from the blood stream to the lungs and eventually to outside air
Osmosis (More Notes)
It is another form of passive transport in which water travels through a selectively permeable when a concentration gradient is present.
-Water tends to travel from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration until solute concentrations are equal.
-Water moves with its gradient
Example of facilitated diffusion
Glucose
Active Transport
Cell is moving a substance against the gradient
Active Transport pumps
-Require the addition of energy in the form of ATP to move a substance
-The cell is trying to move a substance into an area that already has a high concentration of the substance
-A protein carrier is used to move the substance up the concentration gradient
Two types of Active Transport
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Intake of liquid and solid particles too large to cross the cell membrane.
(Cell membrane will surround a small portion of the substance creating a vesicle)
Exocytosis
Transport out of the cell
(Vesicle is moved towards the cell membrane to excel a substance)
Cytoplasm
It is the liquid that fills inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.
Why do cells require cytoplasm?
Cells require cytoplasm for their internal environment in order for the parts of the cell, known as organelles, to thrive and function
Nucleus
-Surround by double-walled nuclear membrane
-Contains all of the cell’s chromosomes
Nucleolus
-It is a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.
-Location where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.
DNA
Carrier of genetic information for the development and function of an organism.
RNA
Similar to DNA, however most often a single strand
mRNA
Protein synthesis
tRNA
serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein. Each time an amino acid is added to the chain, a specific tRNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the protein being synthesized.
rRNA
Structural components of the ribosome.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Overview: Series of channels formed from folded membranes with two subsets.
Rough ER
-Lined with ribosomes
-Responsible for synthesis of protein
-Sent to Golgi apparatus after processing
Smooth ER
-No Ribosomes Present
-Produces lipids and steroids
Ribosomes
-Made of RNA and produce enzymes and proteins for cell repair and reproduction
Centrosomes
-It contains Centrioles
Centrioles
-Involved in cell division
-Creates that spindles used in cell division
Mitochondria
-Producer of ATP
Cellular Respiration Overview
-Aerobic Respiration
It has 4 stages:
-Glycolysis
-A transition creation that forms acetyl coenzyme A
-The critic acid (Krebs) cycle, and an electron transport chain
-Chemiosmosis
Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis
-partial breakdown of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvate, 2NADH +2H+, and 2 net ATP
-Does not require oxygen
Cellular Respiration: Transition Reaction
-In eukaryotic cells the pyruvates must first enter the mitochondria because the transition reaction and the
citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondria
Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle
-Completes the oxidation of glucose by taking the pyruvates from glycolysis, by way of the transition reaction, and completely breaking them down into CO2 molecules, H2O molecules, and generating
additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
-Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria
Anaerobic Respiration
-Breakdown sugars and produce energy in without the presence of oxygen
-Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Aerobic Respiration
-It is the aerobic catabolism of nutrients to carbon dioxide, water, and energy, and involves an electron transport system in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Golgi Apparatus
Prepare and transport proteins
-Receives proteins from the ER> surrounds with a vesicle and secretes (exocytosis)
Lysosomes
-Garbage Disposal of the cell
-Cleans up intracellular debris and waste through hydrolytic enzymes
What does the ribosome read?
-ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
What does the ribosome act as?
-It acts as a docking station for the transfer RNA that contains the amino acid that will then become part of
the growing polypeptide chain, which eventually becomes the protein
What kind of cells will adapt to have more mitochondria to meet energy demands?
-Cells that are more active will adapt to have more mitochondria to meet energy demands
What is produced through cellular respiration?
-ATP
what does the Transition reaction connect to?
-Transition reaction connects glycolysis to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
Where does Glycolysis occur?
-It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
What kind of cells will contain an increased amount of Golgi apparatus?
-Cells with high levels of secretion will contain an increased amount of Golgi apparatus.
