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Bio/Anatomy > Second Week > Flashcards

Second Week Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Have a distinct nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

No clear nucleus (nuclear material is spread out)

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3
Q

Cells Form —>

A

Tissues–> Froms organs—-> Forms systems

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4
Q

Cell Membrane (Role/Function)

A

-Keep the cell together
-Give and maintain shape
-Separate from surroundings
-Responsible for allowing materials in and out of the cell (Selective Permeability)

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5
Q

Cell Membrane (Made out of ?)

A

Lipids (fat) (Proteins are present for active transport)

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6
Q

Cell Membrane Composition

A

-Phospholipids
-Cholesterol
-Amphipathic

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7
Q

Cell Membrane: Two types of Transport Methods

A

Passive and Active Transport

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8
Q

Passive Transport

A

-Requires no extra energy
-Substances move down the concentration gradient

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9
Q

Active Transport

A

-Requires energy expenditure
-Substances are moved up against the concentration gradient

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10
Q

Types of Passive Transport

A

-Diffusion
-Osmosis

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

Solute moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration until an equal distribution is reached
-It is necessary for the transportation of O2 from the lungs to blood and CO2 from blood to the lungs

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Transportation of H2O across a concentration gradient
-Happens with a high concentration of a solute on one side of the membrane

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13
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The “pull” of a substance to move water toward an area of high concentration.

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14
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Greater amount of solute in solution surrounding the cell rather than in the cell
-Water will rush out of the cell > cell shrinks

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15
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Less solutes outside the cell compared to inside
-Cell will pull water in > cell could burst

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16
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Balance amount of solute in and out of cell

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17
Q

Filtration (Passive Transportation )

A

Pressure forces water and its solutes through a membrane
-Selective process only solutes that can fit through the membrane will pass through

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18
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transportation)

A

Carrier Mediated: A variation of diffusion where protein channels assist with transport across the membrane
-It is highly specific due to binding mechanisms

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19
Q

Diffusion (More notes)

A

It is the most common form of passive transport in which a substance of higher concentration travels to an area of lesser concentration.
-Ex: Adding a packet of powdered drink mix to a pitcher of water, or the smell of a classmate’s perfume filling a room.

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20
Q

Diffusion is necessary to:

A

-Move oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream
-Move carbon dioxide from the blood stream to the lungs and eventually to outside air

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21
Q

Osmosis (More Notes)

A

It is another form of passive transport in which water travels through a selectively permeable when a concentration gradient is present.
-Water tends to travel from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration until solute concentrations are equal.
-Water moves with its gradient

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22
Q

Example of facilitated diffusion

A

Glucose

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23
Q

Active Transport

A

Cell is moving a substance against the gradient

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24
Q

Active Transport pumps

A

-Require the addition of energy in the form of ATP to move a substance
-The cell is trying to move a substance into an area that already has a high concentration of the substance
-A protein carrier is used to move the substance up the concentration gradient

25
Q

Two types of Active Transport

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

26
Q

Endocytosis

A

Intake of liquid and solid particles too large to cross the cell membrane.
(Cell membrane will surround a small portion of the substance creating a vesicle)

27
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of the cell
(Vesicle is moved towards the cell membrane to excel a substance)

28
Q

Cytoplasm

A

It is the liquid that fills inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

29
Q

Why do cells require cytoplasm?

A

Cells require cytoplasm for their internal environment in order for the parts of the cell, known as organelles, to thrive and function

30
Q

Nucleus

A

-Surround by double-walled nuclear membrane
-Contains all of the cell’s chromosomes

31
Q

Nucleolus

A

-It is a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.
-Location where ribosomal RNA genes are transcribed.

32
Q

DNA

A

Carrier of genetic information for the development and function of an organism.

33
Q

RNA

A

Similar to DNA, however most often a single strand

34
Q

mRNA

A

Protein synthesis

35
Q

tRNA

A

serves as a link (or adaptor) between the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein. Each time an amino acid is added to the chain, a specific tRNA pairs with its complementary sequence on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the protein being synthesized.

36
Q

rRNA

A

Structural components of the ribosome.

37
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Overview: Series of channels formed from folded membranes with two subsets.

38
Q

Rough ER

A

-Lined with ribosomes
-Responsible for synthesis of protein
-Sent to Golgi apparatus after processing

39
Q

Smooth ER

A

-No Ribosomes Present
-Produces lipids and steroids

40
Q

Ribosomes

A

-Made of RNA and produce enzymes and proteins for cell repair and reproduction

41
Q

Centrosomes

A

-It contains Centrioles

42
Q

Centrioles

A

-Involved in cell division
-Creates that spindles used in cell division

43
Q

Mitochondria

A

-Producer of ATP

44
Q

Cellular Respiration Overview

A

-Aerobic Respiration
It has 4 stages:
-Glycolysis
-A transition creation that forms acetyl coenzyme A
-The critic acid (Krebs) cycle, and an electron transport chain
-Chemiosmosis

45
Q

Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis

A

-partial breakdown of a six-carbon glucose molecule into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvate, 2NADH +2H+, and 2 net ATP
-Does not require oxygen

46
Q

Cellular Respiration: Transition Reaction

A

-In eukaryotic cells the pyruvates must first enter the mitochondria because the transition reaction and the
citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondria

47
Q

Cellular Respiration: Krebs Cycle

A

-Completes the oxidation of glucose by taking the pyruvates from glycolysis, by way of the transition reaction, and completely breaking them down into CO2 molecules, H2O molecules, and generating
additional ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
-Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

48
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

-Breakdown sugars and produce energy in without the presence of oxygen
-Takes place in the Cytoplasm

49
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

-It is the aerobic catabolism of nutrients to carbon dioxide, water, and energy, and involves an electron transport system in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

50
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Prepare and transport proteins
-Receives proteins from the ER> surrounds with a vesicle and secretes (exocytosis)

51
Q

Lysosomes

A

-Garbage Disposal of the cell
-Cleans up intracellular debris and waste through hydrolytic enzymes

52
Q

What does the ribosome read?

A

-ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.

53
Q

What does the ribosome act as?

A

-It acts as a docking station for the transfer RNA that contains the amino acid that will then become part of
the growing polypeptide chain, which eventually becomes the protein

54
Q

What kind of cells will adapt to have more mitochondria to meet energy demands?

A

-Cells that are more active will adapt to have more mitochondria to meet energy demands

55
Q

What is produced through cellular respiration?

A

-ATP

56
Q

what does the Transition reaction connect to?

A

-Transition reaction connects glycolysis to the citric acid (Krebs) cycle

57
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

-It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

58
Q

What kind of cells will contain an increased amount of Golgi apparatus?

A

-Cells with high levels of secretion will contain an increased amount of Golgi apparatus.

Bio/Anatomy (7 decks)

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