Unit 1 Hearing and Balance Flashcards
What is Postural (자세의 흔들림) sway?
Normal shifting of the body’s Central of gravity over Balance of Support
What is another word for Balance?
Postural Stability
What is balance/postural stability?
Dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium
Ability to keep sway within limits of stability
What is Proprioception?
sense of joint position and joint movement (kinesthesia -운동감각)
What are the two types of balance?
Static and Dynamic
What is Static balance?
“holding” position; stable position at rest
What is an example of Static balance?
Cone of stability
More definition of Static balance
Static balance refers to the ability to maintain a stable, stationary posture, keeping your body in a fixed position without movement, essentially meaning the ability to stand still and balanced without shifting your weight or changing your base of support; like standing on one leg without swaying.
In the cone of balance, is there more balance at the top of the cone or bottom of the cone?
More balance at the top
Less balance at the bottom
What is dynamic balance?
Stable body while in motion; transition between positions
More definition of dynamic balance
Dynamic balance refers to the ability to maintain stability and control while moving or changing positions, essentially meaning the capability to stay balanced while performing actions that involve movement, like walking, running, or quickly changing direction; it involves coordinating movements to stay upright during motion.
Example of static balance
standing with one leg trying to meditate or do yoga
Example of dynamic balance
Trying to keep balance while running or walking
At what age is balance developed by?
7-10
What does balance require?
Requires complex interaction of sensory input and neuromuscular response
Balance involves what three things?
Sensory inputs
Integration(통합) of input
Execution (실행) of neuromuscular response
What are sensory inputs of balance?
Where body is and how it is moving through space
What is the visual part of the sensory inputs?
position and movement of head relative to environment
What is the vestibular (part of hearing and balance) part of the sensory inputs?
position and movement of head relative to gravity
What is part of the vestibular sensory input?
Semicircular canals (three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help you maintain your balance)
otoliths (calcium carbonate crystals in the inner ear that help with balance and spatial orientation)
What is the somatosensory part of the sensory inputs?
position and movement of body parts relative to each other
More definition on somatosensory sensory input
the sensory information received by the body from the skin, muscles, joints, and tendons, including sensations like touch, pressure, temperature, pain, vibration, and proprioception (body position awareness), which is then transmitted to the brain for processing and perception; essentially, it’s how we “feel” our surroundings and our body’s position within them
what is part of the somatosensory sensory input?
From muscles to joint proprioceptors
What is sensorimotor integration of input? (balance)
interpret information and what to do about it
What is sensorimotor integration of input dependent on?
Environment: open or closed; support surface
Experience: as we age, we learn and get experience and eventually get a better balance. Think of the baby ex.
Level of arousal (자극)
where does sensorimotor integration of input occur?
Within CNS, cerebrum and cerebellum
What is the execution of neuromuscular response? (balance)
Body’s attempt to maintain balance or response to balance disruption
Example of Execution of neuromuscular response
Reflexive and volitional responses
Automatic, anticipatory, and volitional (의지의)
What are the 4 strategies of motor responses to maintain/recover balance?
Ankle
Hip
Steppage
Weight-shift
What are the 4 things that the 4 strategies of motor responses depend on?
Speed, magnitude of displacing force
Support system
Posture at time perturbation (outside force)
Prior experience
Which strategy is most common when perturbation is small?
Ankle strategy
How is the muscle activation of ankle strategy?
distal to proximal
When is hip strategy used?
larger/rapid displacements
unstable surface
presence of ankle impairment
How is the muscle activation of hip strategy?
proximal to distal
When is the steppage strategy used?
larger displacements beyond limits of stability
when other strategies fail
what movement does steppage strategy make or cause?
step forward or backward to increase the balance of support
When is weight shift strategy used?
For lateral displacement
What body parts are important to control during weight shift strategy?
Hip abduction/adduction are key to control
What is the ear responsible for?
for hearing and maintaining our equilibrium, or sense of balance
What do we receive by hearing and which nerve is used to translate this so we could understand?
We receive vibrations through the air and translating them into an interpretable sound via the CNVIII.
What are the three parts that the ear can be separated to?
External ear
Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
Internal ear (labyrinth)
Which part of the ear is the ossicles part of?
Middle ear
What is the order of the Ossicles?
1: Malleus
2: Incus
3: Stapes
What is the Stapes stapled to?
To the Oval window
What is the part of the external ear that we can see?
Pinna or auricle
What’s also part of the external ear?
auditory canal or external auditory meatus
What is the External Acoustic Meatus?
Ear Canal
What is the role of the tympanic Membrane?
It splits the External and Middle ear.
What is an another name for the middle ear?
tympanic cavity
What does the Tympanic Cavity contain?
Three small bones called ossicles.
Why are the ossicles joined?
So they can amplify the sound waves the tympanic membrane receives from the external ear.
What happens when the sound waves are amplified?
The sound waves are transmitted to the fluid in the inner ear.
What are the three bones that make up ossicles in the middle ear?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Where is the malleus attached to?
To tympanic membrane
Where is the incus attached to?
To Hammer
Where is the stapes attached to?
Attached to the incus and connected to oval window, a membrane that begins the inner year.
What allows for air pressure on either side of the eardrum to be equalized and what is an example of this?
eustachian tubes
Airplane ear example
What do the eustachian tubes connect?
The tubes connect the nasal cavity and pharynx to the middle ear.
The air pressure on either side of the eardrum to be equalized, this equalizing of pressure allows what to happen?
It allows the eardrum to freely vibrate with incoming sound waves.
Sudden pressure changes like flying in an airplane can affect this area.
What is the Tympanic Cavity?
Narrow air-filled cavity in the temporal bone.
Also known as the middle ear.
What are the contents in the Tympanic Cavity and what Cranial nerve do they use?
Auditory Ossicles
Stapedius (CNVII) and Tensor tympani muscles (CNV)
What do the Stapedius (CNVII) muscles and tympani muscles (CNV) do?
These muscles control contraction and how much sound can go through.
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Another word for Eustachian tube or auditory tube
What is Malleus attached to?
tympanic membrane
What does the Malleus move with?
It moves with the membrane
What is the role of the Incus?
Connector.
What is the base of the Stapes attached to?
Base attached to the oval window
Where is the Stapedius muscle located in the middle ear?
Stapes
What does the oval window transmit in the inner ear?
It transmits sound waves into the inner ear
What is the inner ear divided into?
Three separate, hollow, bony spaces that form a maze or labyrinth.
What are the three areas of the inner ear called?
Cochlea
Vestibule chamber
Semicircular canals
What does the cochlea deal with?
It deals with hearing
What does the vestibule chamber deal with?
It is just like an entry
What do the semicircular canals deal with and not really deal with?
Deals with relationship to gravity, not much of hearing
What are the three parts of Bony Labyrinth?
Cochlea
Utricle and Saccule
Semicircular Canals
What is special about the Membranous Labyrinth of the inner ear?
It is an area rich with Potassium endolymph.
What is the cochlea of the inner ear consist of ?
Hair cells
What are the two types of hair cells located in the cochlea?
Inner hair cells
Outer hair cells
What do the Inner Hair Cells do?
They tilt to cause opening of cation channels (+)
Is Inner hair cells afferent or efferent?
Afferent
What do the Outer Hair Cells of the Cochlea do?
They help protect and increase responsiveness.
What fiber is the Outer Hair cells consist of?
Efferent fibers
What are the three parts that hearing of the sound can be broken down into?
Transmission of Sound
Transduction of Sound
Auditory Pathway
What is the first process of Hearing-Transmission (Process)
1: Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane
What is the second process of Hearing-Transmission (Process)
2: Auditory ossicles vibrate. Pressure is amplified (증폭시키다)
What is the third process of Hearing-Transmission (Process)
3: Pressure waves created by the stapes pushing on the oval window move through fluid in the scala vestibuli.
What is the fourth process of Hearing-Transmission (Process, If the frequency is below the hearing range)
4a: Sound with frequencies below the hearing range travels through the helicotrema and does not excite hair cells.
What is the fourth process of Hearing-Transmission (Process, If the frequency is in the hearing range)
4b: Sounds in the hearing range go through the cochlear duct, vibrating the basilar membrane and deflecting hairs on inner hair cells.
What happens in Hearing - transduction? (general)
The sound waves come by and tilts the hair cells over
What happens in Hearing - Auditory Pathway
After transduction, we are sending that signal to the brain.
It travels through CNVIII up to the brainstem, where our cochlear nuclei end. After that, it synapses with the next nerve, travels up to the midbrain, and stops at the thalamus. The thalamus distributes the information into the temporal lobe.
What is the cochlea to the internal ear and what is it connected to?
It is a bony spiral or snail-shell-shaped entrance to the internal ear and is connected to the oval window membrane.
What does the cochlea contain that helps transmit the sound through this area?
Contains fluid called perilymph which is full of potassium.
What happens after perilymph?
The sound is then transmitted to another section of the cochlea which contains another fluid, endolymph
What happens to sound after endolymph?
The sound is then carried to tiny hair-like receptors that are stimulated and conduct the signal to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII)
What happens first when you hear a sound?
Sound waves enter the external canal (운하, 수로) and vibrate the eardrum or tympanic membrane.
Sound waves enter the external canal (운하, 수로) and vibrate the eardrum or tympanic membrane.
-What is this process called?
Sound conduction
What happens after the sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane?
The middle ear then amplifies (증폭) the sound through the respective ossicles.
The middle ear then amplifies (증폭) the sound through the respective ossicles.
-What is this process called?
Bone conduction of sound
What happens after the middle ear amplifies (증폭) the sound through the respective ossicles?
The stapes vibrate and cause a gentle pumping against the oval window membrane.
The stapes vibrate and cause a gentle pumping against the oval window membrane.
-What does this cause and where does it happen?
This causes cochlear fluid to vibrate small hairlike neurons found in an area called the organ of Corti.
This causes cochlear fluid to vibrate small hairlike neurons found in an area called the organ of Corti.
-What happens after this?
A nerve impulse is sent to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is interpreted as sound.
A nerve impulse is sent to the temporal lobe of the brain, where it is interpreted as sound.
-What is this process called?
Sensorineural conduction
What happens last?
Low-intensity sound waves, similar to a clock ticking, send vibrations that cause the sensory cells to move in waves that are interpreted by the brain as that “tick-tock” sound
What is the ear also responsible for except hearing?
Balance, equilibrium
What do the Semicircular canals process and contain?
They process sensory input related to equilibrium.
They contain nerve endings in the form of hair cells.
What are the semicircular canals filled with just like the cochlea?
Filled with endolymph fluid
What do each semicircular canals contain?
A sensory receptor
When do the endolymph fluid in the semicircular canals move?
When you change body position
What is triggered when the movement of the body position is picked up by the sensory receptor and where does it go to?
It triggers a nerve impulse to travel to the brain stem and the cerebellum.
What happens to the nerve impulse that traveled to the brain stem and the cerebellum?
The nerve impulse is interpreted as body position to help maintain muscle coordination and body equilibrium.
What is Proprioception? 本体感觉
It is the body orientation sense
What does the Proprioception allow you to do?
It allows you to locate a body part with you eyes closed
Where are the Proprioceptors found?
In muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear.
What are 4 main parts of balance?
Vestibular System
Visual System
Sensory System
VOR
What is in Vestibular?
Saccule, Utricle, and Ampulla
What is the role of Saccule and Utricle?
Responds to the pull of gravity and changes in head position
What is the role of the Ampulla?
Rotational movements of the head
What is the first part of VOR, vestibulo-ocular reflex?
A peripheral sensory apparatus ((신체의) 기관) consists of a set of motion sensors, which are the semicircular canals and the otolith organs (saccule and utricle)
What is the second part of VOR?
A central processing mechanism (brain)
What is the third part of VOR?
A motor output (Which are the eye muscles that cause the movement of the eyes)
The process of hearing (transmission, transduction, and auditory pathway) Summary by Mott
1:We start with sound waves.
2: The sound waves got amplified for ossicles.
3: Ossicles then cause that sound wave to cause fluid to vibrate.
4: Fluid vibrated will turn into an action potential.
5: Travel up CNVIII
6: Then finishes at the temporal lobe for that conscious perception.
What happens in Hearing - transduction? First
Hair Cell Stimulation: The vibrations of the basilar membrane from transmission move tiny hair cells located in the cochlea’s organ of Corti. These hair cells have hair-like structures called stereocilia on their surface.
What happens in Hearing - transduction? Second
Mechanotransduction: The movement of the basilar membrane bends the stereocilia on the hair cells. This bending opens mechanically gated ion channels, allowing potassium and calcium ions to flow into the hair cells.
What happens in Hearing - transduction? Third
Electrical Signal Generation: The ion flow depolarizes the hair cells, causing them to release neurotransmitters at their synapse with auditory nerve fibers.
What mechanism is VOR reflex?
Push and pull mechanism
As I turn to the right, which side of the vestibular system turns on, and which side of vestibular system turns off?
Right side of the vestibular system turns on
Left side of the vestibular system turns off
As I turn left, which side turns on, and which side turns off?
left side turns on, right side turns off.
As we cause head rotation to occur, what is going to happen?
It’s going to inibit (억제[저해]하다) the extraocular muscles of one side and excite the extraocular muscles of the other side.
Thus, the eyes should move with the head.
What is the acronym COWS
If someone is doing quarter testing, they put cold water in their ear and we should see the eyes move to the opposite direction.
If we put warm water, we should see the eyes move to the same side.
Cold-Opposite side
Warm-Same side
