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Bio/Anatomy > Second Week Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Second Week Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transcription

A

-Information is moved from DNA to mRNA

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2
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is read to produce proteins

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3
Q

Transcription (Details)

A

-Needs to occur because mRNA can exit the nucleus
-It is not an exact copy, but rather the complement to the DNA
-Becomes the blueprint for protein synthesis

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4
Q

Translation (Details)

A

-Each group of three bases in mRNA constitutes a codon, and each codon corresponds with a specific amino acid
-The mRNA sequence is thus used as a template to assemble-in order-the chain of amino acids that form a protein.

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5
Q

Cellular Respiration (Overview)

A

-Process of making a new cell (cell division)
-Making an identical copy without the involvement of another cell is asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Chromosomes (location)

A

Located inside of the nucleus of animal and plant cells

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7
Q

Chromosomes (what is it made out of)

A

Made of protein and a single molecule of DNA
-DNA contains the instructions that make each living thing unique.

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8
Q

Why are Chromosomes part of the process?

A

-To ensure that DNA is accurately copied and distributed in reproduction.

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9
Q

What do most cells contain pairs of in the human body?

A

-Pairs of chromosomes

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10
Q

What are the only human cells that do not contain pairs?

A

-Gametes (reproductive cells)

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11
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

-23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
-One copy is inherited from each parent

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12
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for Females and Males?

A

Female: XX
Male: XY

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13
Q

What are the parts of the Chromosome?

A

-Centromere
-Telomeres

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14
Q

Centromere

A

-Helps to keep the chromosome properly aligned in preparation for reproduction
-Serves as an attachment site for the sister chromatids

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15
Q

Telomeres

A

-Repetitive stretches of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes
-Functions similarly to an aglet
-Telomeres lose a bit of DNA during every division

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of sorting chromosomes

17
Q

Interphase

A

-G1
-S
-G2

18
Q

When does Mitosis start?

A

It starts in M phase; the end of interphase

19
Q

Prophase

A

-Nucleus will disappear
-Chromosomes now visible
-Spindle fibers (guide wires) start to form
-Centrosomes move towards opposite ends of cell

20
Q

Metaphase

A

-Chromosomes line up at center of the cell
-Lined up on metaphase plate (imaginary line in the middle of the cell)

21
Q

Anaphase

A

-Chromosomes split and are pulled apart from each other by spindle fibers
- It is the shortest Stage of mitosis

-Sister chromatids break apart and begin moving towards opposite poles
-At the end of anaphase, the two halves of the cells will have an equal amount of chromosomes.

22
Q

Telophase

A

-Chromosomes are at the far end of the cells
-Spindle fibers disappear
-Nuclei reappear
-Formation of 2 Daughter nuclei

23
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-It is the division of the cytoplasm
-Cleavage furrow pinches cell in two

24
Q

Mitosis Regulation

A

-Checkpoints that halts mitosis if certain conditions are not met

25
Q

There are three main checkpoints in Mitosis Regulation:

A

G1/S checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
Metaphase/Anaphase checkpoint

26
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

Restriction Checkpoint: cell size, cell nutrition, DNA damage. (things should stop when there’s something wrong)

27
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

DNA Replication Checkpoint: improper replication or damage. (things should stop when there’s something wrong)

28
Q

Metaphase/Anaphase checkpoint

A

Spindle Apparatus Checkpoint: attachment of mitotic spindle to all chromosomes (things should stop when there’s something wrong)

29
Q

There are three kinds of Cell Types

A

-Labile Cells
-Stable/Quiescent Cells
-Permanent Cells

30
Q

Liable Cells

A

Constantly proliferating
-Skin epithelial cells, gastrointestinal epithelial, salivary gland tissue

31
Q

Stable/Quiescent Cells

A

Typically in non-dividing state but can enter cell cycle under specific stimulus
-Lymphocytes, hepatocytes

32
Q

Permanent Cells

A

Unable to proliferate: non-dividing
-Cardiac and skeletal muscle

33
Q

What does the transcription get carried out by?

A

-It is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase and a number of accessory proteins called transcription factors

34
Q

Where does Translation occur?

A

-It Occurs in the ribosomes

35
Q

What DNA is only inherited from the egg cell?

A

-Only mitochondrial DNA

36
Q

G1 Phase

A

-G1: Cell growth

37
Q

S Phase

A

-S: Cell replicates its genetic material in preparation for mitosis (Cell division)

38
Q

-G2 Phase

A

-G2: Cell checks duplicated chromosomes

39
Q

When is Mitosis complete?

A

In the telophase

Bio/Anatomy (4 decks)

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