Lab Midterm Endocrine and Blood-Darang.pptx Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
The second major control system of the body, slower than the nervous system, using hormones as chemical messengers.
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers that act directly on target cells or other endocrine organs (tropic hormones).
What are the major endocrine organs?
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes.
What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland?
Thyroid hormones (T3, T4), which regulate basal metabolic rate.
What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels.
What hormones are secreted by the pancreas?
Insulin (decreases blood glucose) and glucagon (increases blood glucose).
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
They aid in the ‘fight or flight’ response and secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol for stress response.
What hormones are secreted by the ovaries and testes?
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, while testes produce testosterone.
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
A system of blood vessels that allows for fast, direct chemical communication between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that target other endocrine glands.
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
Regulates basal metabolic rate, body temperature, digestion, and energy levels.
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Fast heart rate, weight loss, sweating.
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Weight gain, cold sensitivity, fatigue.
What is Graves’ disease?
An autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies that mimic TSH, leading to excess thyroid hormone production.
How is hypothyroidism treated?
By giving thyroid hormones as medication.
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
A feedback loop where stress triggers the hypothalamus to release CRH, leading to ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, which stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex.
What is blood composed of?
Cells in a plasma matrix, with plasma making up 55% of blood.
What are the components of plasma?
90% water, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins.
What is the average blood volume in humans?
4-5L in females, 5-6L in males.
What is hematocrit?
A measure of the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood, part of a complete blood count.
What are the types of white blood cells (WBCs)?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes.
What is the function of neutrophils?
Most numerous WBC, phagocytizes pathogens and debris; high count suggests bacterial infection.
What is the function of eosinophils?
Kills parasitic worms and plays a role in allergies and asthma.
What is the function of basophils?
Releases histamine and inflammatory mediators, causing inflammation.
What is the function of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes produce antibodies; T lymphocytes kill virus-infected cells.
What is the function of monocytes?
The largest WBCs that become macrophages, defending against pathogens.
What is the function of platelets?
Cell fragments that help with blood clotting.
What is the ABO blood typing system?
A classification system based on the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells.
What happens if the wrong blood type is transfused?
Antibodies in the recipient’s plasma can cause agglutination (clumping) and destruction of red blood cells.
