Lab Midterm General Sensation and Hearing (1) Flashcards
General Sensation and Hearing (1)
What is required to sense something?
A stimulus or change in the environment, and receptors to receive the stimulus.
What do general sense receptors react to?
Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, stretch, vibration, and changes to body position.
How are special sense receptors different from general sense receptors?
They are very specific, localized, and part of large complex sense organs (e.g., eye, ear, nose).
What are the three classifications of sensory receptors based on stimulus location?
Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors.
What do exteroceptors respond to and where are they found?
They react to external stimuli and are found near the body surface, including the skin and special sense organs.
What do interoceptors respond to and where are they found?
They respond to internal stimuli within visceral organs, including stretch receptors and chemoreceptors.
How do proprioceptors function?
They respond to internal stimuli, providing information about body movement and position.
What is sensory transduction?
The process where stimuli are converted into nerve impulses.
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is the awareness of a stimulus, while perception is the conscious interpretation of it.
What is two-point discrimination?
A test to determine the density of sensory receptors by identifying the minimum distance at which two stimuli are felt as distinct points.
What is tactile localization?
The brain’s ability to determine the exact point on the skin that has been touched.
What is sensory adaptation?
When a stimulus is applied for a prolonged time, the receptor discharge rate slows, leading to reduced conscious awareness.
What are pain receptors and how do they function?
They are densely distributed in the skin, adapt little, and indicate tissue damage or trauma.
What is referred pain?
Pain that is perceived in a different location from where the stimulus originates due to shared neural pathways.
What are the three main sections of the ear?
External ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
It vibrates with sound waves and transmits vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear.
What are the ossicles of the middle ear?
Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), and Stapes (stirrup).
What is the function of the cochlea?
It contains sensory receptors for hearing and converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses.
What are the semicircular canals responsible for?
Detecting rotational movement and acceleration.
What is the function of the vestibule?
Monitoring head position, movement, and linear acceleration.
What is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
A nerve composed of the vestibular nerve (for balance) and cochlear nerve (for hearing).
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Hearing loss due to neural issues from the cochlea to the brain, caused by age or exposure to loud noise.
What is conductive hearing loss?
Hearing loss due to a blockage preventing sound from reaching the inner ear (e.g., earwax, fluid).
What is the Webber test used for?
Screening for hearing loss by checking if sound lateralizes to one ear.
What is the Rinne test used for?
Comparing air conduction and bone conduction to diagnose conductive hearing loss.
What is the Romberg test used for?
Assessing balance by testing proprioception, vision, and vestibular function.
