Unit 2 Intro to Endocrine System Flashcards
What is Endocrine?
They are discrete (별개의) ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
What does the Endocrine influence?
Metabolism
Menstrual(생리) Cycle
Pregnancy
Parturition (childbirth)
What is the endocrine system interconnected and always monitor each other’s activities?
The nervous system
The endocrine system also collects information and sends orders but it is a ____ ____ control system.
slower, more subtle (미묘한, 감지하기 힘든)
Since the endocrine system acts slowly, what is different from the nervous system?
The effects last longer than those of the nervous system.
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands
Where are the Hormones released into?
Bloodstream
Where do the Hormones that were released into the bloodstream travel to?
Travel all over the body all at once, some affecting millions of cells simultaneously
What are steroids?
They are a subclass of hormones
What is the definition of the endocrine system according to the textbook?
The endocrine system is a series of organs and glands in our body that secrete chemical messengers into our bloodstream.
What is not part of the Endocrine system according to the textbook?
Exocrine glands, like sweat glands, secrete out of the body but are not part of the endocrine system that secrete into the body.
How many function do the glands have according to the textbook?
Many functions
What is the definition of the Hormones according to the textbook?
Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands
Where are the hormones released into according to the text book?
The bloodstream, and can travel everywhere some affecting millions of cells at the same time.
How long do the effects of the Hormones last according to the textbook?
Effects can last for minutes or even hours or possibly days
Many hormones are secreted _____, with the amount secreted changing as needed.
All the time
Comparison of the Nervous system and Endocrine system regarding initiation of responses
Nervous system initiates responses rapidly
Endocrine system initiates responses slowly
Comparison of the Nervous system and Endocrine system regarding the duration of the responses
Nervous system has Short-duration responses
Endocrine system has Long-duration responses
Comparison of the Nervous system and Endocrine system regarding what they act through
Nervous system acts via action potentials and neurotransmitters.
Endocrine system acts via hormones released into the blood.
Comparison of the Nervous system and Endocrine system regarding the locations of their action
Nervous system acts at specific locations determined by axon pathways.
Endocrine System acts at diffuse location, and targets can be anywhere blood reaches
Comparison of the Nervous system and Endocrine system regarding their distance of the actions
Neurotransmitters act over very short distances
Hormones act over long distances.
What hormone does the Pineal Gland produce?
Melatonin
What hormone does the Parathyroid Gland produce?
Parathyroid Hormone
Are there any hormone production at the kidneys?
Yes there is
Slide 12
Where is the location of the Hypothalamus?
In the brain, close to the optic chiasm.
It is in the diencephalon.
What is the function of the hypothalamus, or what kind of hormones does it secrete?
It secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland.
Ceo
What does the Hypothalamus control? (part of the function)
Controls water balance, sleep, temperature, appetite, and blood pressure.
It is not always doing direct controlling, but it is doing the coordination of these.
Like if the water level is too low, it can influence it by turning on or off a hormone.
What are the names of the hormones that the Hypothalamus secrete?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Where is the Pituitary gland located and what is the size of it?
It is located in the brain, about pea-sized.
What is the role of the Pituitary gland?
It controls most functions of the endocrine system
What are the hormones that the Pituitary gland secrete? (probably put it on the cheat sheet)
Slide 14
Where is the Thyroid located?
Front of the throat below the voice box
What is the function of the thyroid?
Metabolism
What hormone does the Thyroid secrete?
Thyroid Hormone
Where is the Parathyroid located?
Front of neck below voice box
What is the function of the Parathyroid?
Regulation of calcium
What hormone does the Parathyroid secrete?
Parathyroid Hormone
Where is the Adrenal gland located?
On top of each kidney
What is the function of the Adrenal gland?
Regulates metabolism and maintains blood pressure.
Also helps with stress response and a little bit of sleep-wake cycle response
What hormones does the Adrenal gland secrete?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
4 more in the future lectures.
What is the hormonal function of the kidneys?
Fluid control and red blood cell production
What hormones do the kidneys secrete?
Renin and angiotensin
(shows up in endocrine, heart unit, urogenital unit)
Erythropoietin (red blood cell production)
Where is the Pineal Body located?
Located in mid brain
What is the function of Pineal Body?
Regulated sleep
What hormone does the Pineal Body secrete?
Melatonin
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind the stomach
What is the function of the Pancreas?
Digestion and blood sugar regulation
What hormones does the Pancreas secrete?
Glucagon
Insulin
Where are the ovaries located?
On either side of the uterus
What is the function of the ovaries?
They contain egg cells and produce estrogen and progesterone.
What hormones do the Ovaries secrete?
Estrogen
Progesterone
Where is the testosterone in females coming from?
Adrenal gland
Where are the testes located?
Suspended outside of the male body
This suspension is an important part of the male body because it is very temperature-sensitive. So, the external suspension is due to doing temperature control; a lot of muscles are involved in maintaining the temperature control
What is the function of the Testes?
Produces sperm and testosterone
What hormone do the Tested secrete?
Testosterone
What is the first characteristic of the Amino Acid Based hormones?
They are usually water soluble
What is the second characteristic of the Amino Acid Based hormones?
Amino acid-based hormones are stored in the Endocrine Gland until needed.
How do the Amino Acid Based hormones act?
They act by binding to protein receptors
Binding alerts a second messenger molecule inside the cell that activates enzymes and other cellular proteins that can influence gene expression.
What is the first characteristic of the Steroid Based hormones?
They are produced from cholesterol, so they are lipid soluble, meaning they can cross cell membranes.
What hormones are only Steroid Based Hormones?
Only gonadal (Sex hormones) and adrenocortical hormones
How do the Steroid Based hormones act?
The Steroid Based hormones are going to pass directly over the cell membrane, directly into the cell’s nucleus, bind to specific receptors and genes and trigger the cell to make proteins.
Metaphor for Amino Acid vs Steroid Based hormones
Amino acid-based hormones are somebody knocking on the door, and if we have a dog, the dog is going to bark. So, we are indirectly influencing what the dog does on the inside.
Thus, Amino Acid Hormones are knocking on the door, indirectly influencing.
Metaphor for Amino Acid vs Steroid Based hormones. (steroid)
Steroid-based hormones have the key to the door. They are opening the door, they are coming in and playing with the dog themselves.
Thus, the Steroid hormones are sex hormones and hormones from the adrenocortical region of the adrenal gland. They are directly going into the cell and influencing at the nucleus.
How many classes of hormones are there?
Two
Amino Acid-based hormones
Steroids
What are Amino acid based hormones?
Amino acid derivatives (Protein derivatives)
Peptides
Proteins
What are steroid based hormones synthesized from?
They are synthesized from cholesterol
Only sex and adrenocortical hormones
Though hormones circulate systemically, only cells with ____ for that hormone are affected
receptors
Yes, the hormones go to the bloodstream and travel to everywhere in the body, but if the cells do not have the receptors, the hormone will not be affecting the cell.
What is Target cells?
tissues with receptors for a specific hormone and these hormones alter target cell activity.
what are the Hormone actions on target cells?
Alter plasma membrane permeability
(we are changing how permeable our bilipid membrane is)
So we will influence what’s entering and existing the cell.
what are the Hormone actions on target cells? 2
Stimulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins
(we can say build and produce it)
what are the Hormone actions on target cells? 3
Activate or deactivate enzymes
(we can say turn this enzyme on or turn this enzyme off)
what are the Hormone actions on target cells? 4
Induce (cause) secretory activity
At the kidneys we can influence the kidneys and say produce more urine as part of our blood pressure control.
what are the Hormone actions on target cells? 5
Stimulate mitosis to start to occur.
Hormones act in one of two ways, depending on what?
Depending on their chemical nature and receptor location
What hormones are part of water-soluble hormones
All amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone
What is the first characteristic of water-soluble hormones?
They act on plasma membrane receptors
What is the second characteristic of water-soluble hormones?
They act via G protein second messengers
What is the third characteristic of water-soluble hormones?
They cannot enter the cell, thus the water-soluble hormones are having indirect influence on gene expression.
What hormones are Lipid-soluble hormones?
Steroid and thyroid hormones
What is the first characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?
They act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes.
(They get through the membrane because they can go in directly and turn on the gene expression.)
What is the second characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?
They can enter the cell
What the three types of Hormone control
Humoral Stimuli
Neural Stimuli
Hormonal Stimuli
What is Humoral Stimuli?
Hormones secreted in response to changes in the level of blood ions
What is the example that Prof Mott used for Humoral Stimuli?
So, we are thinking about sodium in our blood.
As sodium increases, once it gets over its set point, well, this is way over our set point. We need to get rid of some of that sodium. Turns on formulae.
If we go way below our set point, it says we don’t have enough sodium we need to keep some of it in our body, which dials down hormones to bring sodium levels back up.
What is Neural Stimuli?
Autonomic Nervous system stimulates the release of our hormones.
What is Hormonal Stimuli?
In response to hormones from other endocrine glands.
Mott: it is which hormones are activating another endocrine gland.
What are the four Endocrine Disorders?
Diabetes
Hyper/Hypo Thyroidism
Addison’s Disease
Cushing’s Disease
What are some of the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
Intolerance to Cold
Bradycardia (low heart rate)
Weight gain
Thickened Skin
Low thyroid
What does Thyroid glands deal with?
Involved in metabolism
So hypothyroidism is low thyroid
Hyperthyroidism is high thyroid.
What are some of the symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Finger clubbing (a cardiac sign)
Intolerance to heat
Weight loss
Muscle weakness
What gland is involved with Addison’s and Cushing’s disease?
Adrenal gland
Which one between Addison’s and Cushing’s is Adrenal insufficiency or low cortisol?
Addison’s
Which one between Addison’s and Cushing’s is Excess Cortisol Production?
Cushing’s
What is Cortisol?
Cortisol is our body’s stress hormone.
What side effect is Cushing’s disease?
Side effect of taking steroids
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease?
–Moon face, swelling on the face (rosy cheeks with it)
–Sleep disturbance
–“Buffalo Hump” Fat pad on upper back below the neck
–Truncal (몸통) Obesity
–Slow wound healing
What are the symptoms of Addison’s disease?
Low weight
Low mood
Low temperature
Low Libido (females, 성욕)
What is Addison’s disease caused by according to the textbook?
It is caused by insufficient production of Adrenal corticosteroid cortisol.
What does Addison’s disease cause according to the textbook?
Low cortisol causes weight loss, muscle weakness, fatigue (피로), low blood pressure, and excessive skin pigmentation.
Except cortisol deficiency, what other deficiency can we see in Addison’s disease?
Aldosterone may also be deficient
What are the most cases of Addison’s disease? (Caused by)
They are caused by autoimmune issues or disorders.
How is Addison’s disease treated?
It is treated with hormone replacement
What is Cushing’s disease caused by according to the textbook?
Oversecretion of cortisol.
What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease according to the textbook?
Upper body obesity (It is interesting because it stops at the waist)
Round face (moon face)
Easy bruising
Weakened Bones
Fatigue (피로)
High blood pressure
spike in high blood sugar
What is effect of the Cushing’s disease on women according to the textbook?
Women may have excessive facial hair and irregular periods.
What is effect of the Cushing’s disease on men according to the textbook?
Men have decreased fertility (생식력) and sex drive. (Libido)
What side effect can cause Cushing’s disease?
It could be a side effect of medical use of steroids like prednisone.
Or it could be due to primary tumors, lung tumors, or adrenal tumors.
Or one of several genetic disorders.
What are treatments of Cushing’s disease?
The treatment depends on the underlying cause.
So, if it’s from a steroid, we need to find out if the steroid treatment is doing more good or more harm and decide if we need to change the treatment.
If it’s from a tumor, we need to treat the tumor.
Or we can do Hormone replacement.
So in general, what is the cause of Addison’s disease?
Mostly from autoimmune issue
Usually, what is the cause of Cushing’s disease?
Usually from a tumor or misuse of steroids.
