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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates

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2
Q

High Birth rate

A

A crude birth rate of more than 30 births per 1000 people

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3
Q

Low birth rate

A

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

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4
Q

Replacement level fertility

A

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time

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5
Q

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

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6
Q

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

A

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

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7
Q

Child Morality

A

Deaths of children under 5 years of age

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8
Q

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

A

the difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population.

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9
Q

Zero population growth (ZPG)

A

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is zero.

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10
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

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11
Q

Rule of 70

A

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase (RNI)

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12
Q

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A

Conceptualizes how crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization.

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13
Q

Epidemiology

A

A branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle.

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14
Q

Edpidemiological Transition Theory

A

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease.

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15
Q

Degenerative disease

A

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke.

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16
Q

Cornucopians or anti-malthusians

A

People who disagree with the malthusian view of the population and resources. (the population will outgrow the resources)

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17
Q

Boserup effect

A

Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods.

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18
Q

Antinatalist policies

A

Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates.

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19
Q

Pronatalist policies

A

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth

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20
Q

Women’s status

A

The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at larger.

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21
Q

Women’s empowerment

A

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives.

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22
Q

Aging population

A

A population of a country or place that ages as the number of or porportion of its elderly people increases.

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23
Q

Median Age

A

The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older.

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24
Q

Life expectancy

A

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth

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25
Q

Spatial mobility

A

All forms of geographical movement, including people’s everyday commuting and travels.

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26
Q

Social (upward) mobility

A

Mobility that implies a change in social hierarchy

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27
Q

Migrant or mover

A

A person who migrates or moves

28
Q

Non-migrants or stayers

A

People who do not move

29
Q

Origin

A

A person’s location before migration

30
Q

Destination

A

The place where the migrant is going

31
Q

Emigration or out-migration

A

The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin.

32
Q

Emigrants or out-migrants

A

People who leave their country of origin.

33
Q

Immigration or in-migration

A

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country.

34
Q

Immigrations or in-migrants

A

People who arrive at their destination country

35
Q

Migration Stream

A

The flow of all migrations from an origin to a destination

36
Q

Counter stream

A

The flow of all migrants in the directs opposite a particular migration stream from its destination back to the origin

37
Q

Net migration

A

The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants.

38
Q

Migration age profile

A

The relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across different countries.

39
Q

Brain drain

A

A phenomenon where a country or place loses young, more educated and skilled people through migration.

40
Q

Brain Gain

A

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration.

41
Q

Push-pull theory of migration

A

Theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions

42
Q

Push factors

A

Factors that cause poeple to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

43
Q

Pull factors

A

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

44
Q

Intervening obstacles

A

The complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

45
Q

Social networks

A

People’s friends and relatives

46
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away.

47
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Migration that was done willingly

48
Q

International migration

A

When moves are made across national borders.

49
Q

guest worker

A

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

50
Q

Transnational migration

A

When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated.

51
Q

Internal migration or interregional migration

A

When people move within the borders of a country

52
Q

Great Migration

A

The twentieth century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the Midwestern and northeastern states.

53
Q

Rural-to-urban migration

A

When people move from the countryside to cities

54
Q

Residential mobility

A

Moves that occur within a metropolitan area

55
Q

Step (stepwise) migration

A

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places.

56
Q

Chain migration

A

The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place

57
Q

Return Migration

A

Migrants going back, or returning, to their previous place of residence or origin

58
Q

Black belt

A

Ethnic homeland of the african americans in the U.S. South

59
Q

Seasonal migration

A

Migration based on the time of year

60
Q

Transhumance

A

A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures.

61
Q

Mobility transition model

A

Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky’s conclusion that there are regularities in migration as an essential component of a country’s modernization process.

62
Q

Forced Migration

A

Migration caused by forces out of one’s control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects.

63
Q

Internally displaces person (IDP)

A

Someone who remains within his or her country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country

64
Q

Ethnic cleansing

A

The forced removal of one ethnic group by another ethnic group to create an ethnically consistent country.

65
Q

Repatriated

A

When refugees or displaces persons return to their home country

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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