Unit 2 Review Flashcards
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates
High Birth rate
A crude birth rate of more than 30 births per 1000 people
Low birth rate
A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people
Replacement level fertility
The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births
Child Morality
Deaths of children under 5 years of age
Rate of natural increase (RNI)
the difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population.
Zero population growth (ZPG)
When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its RNI is zero.
Doubling time
The number of years it takes for a population to double in size
Rule of 70
A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country’s rate of natural increase (RNI)
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Conceptualizes how crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) as well as the resulting rate of natural increase (RNI) change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization.
Epidemiology
A branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle.
Edpidemiological Transition Theory
Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease.
Degenerative disease
A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke.
Cornucopians or anti-malthusians
People who disagree with the malthusian view of the population and resources. (the population will outgrow the resources)
Boserup effect
Increase in food production resulting from the use of new farming methods.
Antinatalist policies
Designed to curtail population growth by reducing fertility rates.
Pronatalist policies
Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth
Women’s status
The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at larger.
Women’s empowerment
The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives.
Aging population
A population of a country or place that ages as the number of or porportion of its elderly people increases.
Median Age
The age that divides a population into two halves so that one half is younger than this age and the other half older.
Life expectancy
The number of years a person can expect to live from birth
Spatial mobility
All forms of geographical movement, including people’s everyday commuting and travels.
Social (upward) mobility
Mobility that implies a change in social hierarchy
Migrant or mover
A person who migrates or moves
Non-migrants or stayers
People who do not move
Origin
A person’s location before migration
Destination
The place where the migrant is going
Emigration or out-migration
The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin.
Emigrants or out-migrants
People who leave their country of origin.
Immigration or in-migration
The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country.
Immigrations or in-migrants
People who arrive at their destination country
Migration Stream
The flow of all migrations from an origin to a destination
Counter stream
The flow of all migrants in the directs opposite a particular migration stream from its destination back to the origin
Net migration
The difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants.
Migration age profile
The relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across different countries.
Brain drain
A phenomenon where a country or place loses young, more educated and skilled people through migration.
Brain Gain
A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration.
Push-pull theory of migration
Theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions
Push factors
Factors that cause poeple to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else
Pull factors
The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants
Intervening obstacles
The complications that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination
Social networks
People’s friends and relatives
Intervening opportunity
A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away.
Voluntary Migration
Migration that was done willingly
International migration
When moves are made across national borders.
guest worker
a person with temporary permission to work in another country
Transnational migration
When migrants move back and forth between their home countries and those to which they have migrated.
Internal migration or interregional migration
When people move within the borders of a country
Great Migration
The twentieth century movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural southern states to the cities of the Midwestern and northeastern states.
Rural-to-urban migration
When people move from the countryside to cities
Residential mobility
Moves that occur within a metropolitan area
Step (stepwise) migration
Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places.
Chain migration
The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place
Return Migration
Migrants going back, or returning, to their previous place of residence or origin
Black belt
Ethnic homeland of the african americans in the U.S. South
Seasonal migration
Migration based on the time of year
Transhumance
A phenomenon where herders and their livestock move seasonally between their summer and winter pastures.
Mobility transition model
Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky’s conclusion that there are regularities in migration as an essential component of a country’s modernization process.
Forced Migration
Migration caused by forces out of one’s control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects.
Internally displaces person (IDP)
Someone who remains within his or her country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country
Ethnic cleansing
The forced removal of one ethnic group by another ethnic group to create an ethnically consistent country.
Repatriated
When refugees or displaces persons return to their home country
