Unit 2 Modules 2.8a-2.8d Flashcards
The ability to solve problems, learn from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
intelligence
What are the four main theories of intelligence
Charles Spearman’s general intelligence
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
Multiple intelligence (Howard Gardner)
Sternberg’s three intelligences
Argued for general intelligence “g” (underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.)
Charles Spearman’s theory of intelligence
Used in Charles Speaman’s theory of intelligence to measure specific skills “s” a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
factor analysis
In Charles Speaman’s theory of intelligence those who scored high on one skill tended to score ____on all skills
high
A critic of Spearman that believed in various mental categories
Although he believed there were 7 abilities of intelligence, when using factor analysis, there was generally a correlation that demonstrated the “g” factor
Thurstone
Believed that intelligence is based on g AND specific abilities bridged by Gf and GC (fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence)
Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC)
Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, specially during late adulthood. Ability to process info, to think on our toes, and to think “smoothly.” Declines with age especially after 70.
fluid intelligence (Gf)
Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to increase with age. Ability to remember “solid” facts. Ex: Crossword puzzles, trivia questions (increased with age)
crystallized intelligence (Gc)
Views intelligence as multiple abilities but disagrees with one general intelligence. This theory is backed up by savant syndrome.
Howard Gadner
Multiple intelligence theory
A person with an otherwise limited mental capacity has an exceptional skill (drawing, math, memory). Kim Peek: memorized 12,000 books, film Rain Man.
Stephen Wiltshire: can draw a detailed city-scape after a single viewing.
Savant Syndrome
Focuses on 3 types (triarchic theory). Geared more towards real-world skills.
Robert Sternberg’s three intelligences
What are Robert Sternberg’s three intelligences and explain what they mean
analytical-problem solving
creative-adapt to new situations
practical-everyday tasks
Daniel Goleman created this idea
similar to Gadner’s interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences
Disagrees with ‘g’ in the high IQ people may be low EQ
Emotional intelligence
What are the 4 abilities associated with emotional intelligence?
Perceiving emotions
Understanding emotions
Managing emotions
Using emotions
Passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals
GRIT
A method of assessing mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others
intelligence test
What are the two types of intelligence tests
aptitude tests
Achievement tests
Measures your ability or potential
Ex. someone with high spatial ability may be a successful architect
SAT is used to predict a student’s college readiness
Aptitude tests
Measures what someone has already learned. Most tests taken in school are these(AP Exam)
Achievement tests
One of the first to study intelligence. He suggested it had a lot to do with heredity (founded eugenics)
Francis Galton
French psychologists commissioned to create a test to measure a child’s mental age
Identified children who would benefit from special education
They did not make assumptions like Galton, that kids were inherently smarter than each other
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Level of performance that was typical of a child at a specific chronological age
mental age
What is William stern’s formula to compute IQ
(mental age/chronological age) x100 = Intelligence quotient (IQ)
A stanford professors who modified Binet’s test for Americans of various ages called the Stanford-Binet IQ test
Lewis Terman
Adapted some items, added some
Established new norms - extended to adults
Used the IQ scoring system but found it worked for children but not adults
Helped the government create intelligence tests for immigrants and WWI army recruits
Believed like Galton, that intelligence was innate and should engage eugenics
Conducted longitudinal study on high IQ individuals (called “Termites”) They had slightly higher salaries, otherwise similar to the general public
Stanford-Binet IQ test
Strongly believed that intelligence was more than just one ability and made the Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale (WAIS)
Believed that intelligence was made up of several mental abilities, not “g”
David Wechsler
Most widely used intelligence test today and has a version for children (WISC)
more common way to give IQ tests
doesn’t use the formula but uses the same scoring system
15 subtests including similarities, vocabulary, block design, letter-number sequencing.
Does yield a final single IQ score. Used the standard deviation to determine score
WAIS
Measured intelligence using the normal bell curve, basing how far they are from the mean
Deviation IQ (David Wechsler)
4 major scores + 1overall intell score
verbal comprehension
perceptual reasoning
working memory
processing speed
WAIS
Study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
psychometrics
Bell shaped curve for the display of many traits. Most scores fall new the average and few scores new the extremes
normal curve
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison to pretested group. Tests must be administered and scored the same way every time
first given to a representative sample to establish norms
standardization
average scores that make it possible to compare groups
Norms
IQ tests are most widely and effectively used to find _____
extremes
The percentile rank compares test scores to show the _____ above and below a given score
ACT of 28 - 99th percentile (higher than 88%)
ratio
To keep the average score near 100 the Stanford-Binet And Wechsler scales are periodically _______________ World wide phenomenon
restandardization
The average IQ is increasing over time
3-4 points every 10 years
Tests are reformed every year to keep average at 100. Due to increased education, access to info, better health and nutrition
Flynn effect
the consistency of results
reliability
What are the three things done to tests for reliability
test-retest
anternate-forms
Slit-half
Similar scores on same test
Test-retest
Different version of the test with the same content are correlated
alternat-forms
Each half is equally difficult
split-half
Measures or predicts what it aims to
validity
what are the three parts of validity
content
predictive
constructs
measuring the correct subject
content
accurately forecasts
predictive
how much a test measures a concept or trait.
constructs
When the same individuals are studies over a long period of time from years to decades
can show the effects of changes over time
but requires lots of time and is expensive
Longitudinal studies
Examines people of different groups at the same time
Ex. Studying different aged people at the same time by looking for differences attributed to age
quicker, easier, and can generalize findings
Results cannot measure changes over time
Difficult to find a population that differs by only one factor
Cross Sectional Studies
Research that follows and retests the same people over time
longitudinal
Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time
cross-sectional
A group of people sharing common characteristics such as being from a given time period
cohort
_________ studies shows that intelligence declines with age and ______ studies show that it depends on the type of intelligence (Fluid or Crystalized)
Cross-sectional
longitudinal
The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. It may differ depending on range of populations and environments studied
Heritability
As time goes on adopted twins become more like their ____ parents and less like their _____ parents when it comes to intelligence
biological
adopted
Genes and environments weave the fabric of ________
What epigenetics studies
intelligence
Extreme environment conditions like neglect and poverty can ____ intelligence. Changing impoverished environments can have a _________effect on children’s mental abilities
stunt
positive
____ ____ from caregivers leads to children with a lack of personal control over their environment and it impoverished their intelligence
early neglect
_____ due to poverty and worry over basic needs takes energy from intellectual development
stress
________ is an experience that pays dividends, which is reflected in intelligence scores. Increased ____ correlates with higher intelligence scores
shooling
_______makes a difference in intellectual development
nutrition
Focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed
doesn’t focus on outcome
Growth mindset
View that intelligence, abilities and talents are unchangeable, even with effort
fixed mindset
Both ___ and ___ usually have strengths and weaknesses in intelligence testing
boys and girls
Genetics research reveals that under the skin, we humans are remarkably alike
Race is not a neatly defined biological category
within the same populations, there are generation-to-generation differences in test scores
schools and culture matter
the fat and skinny of intelligence and race
Whether a test predicts future behavior for all groups of test-takers, not just for some groups
scientific meaning of bias
Refers to whether test scores will be influenced by their abilities, which reflects their educational and cultural expreriences
fairness
a self-confirming concern that an individual will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
stereotype threat
exams are free of social and cultural bias
This bias often only appears when a certain group scores significantly different from the majority (usually lower)
culture-fair
