Unit 2 Modules 2.1a-2.2b Flashcards
The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.
Selective attention
Ability to focus on one voice, while filtering out other distractions.
Cocktail Party Effect
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
Inattentional Blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment.
Change Blindness
18 month video camera watched truckers and found that when they were texting, their risk of collision increased ___ times!!
23
Through experience, we come to expect certain results. Those expectations may give us a perceptual set also known as ____-_____ ____________
top-down processing
A predisposition to perceive things a certain way based on our expectations
Ex. We often tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation while ignoring other details
Perceptual set
Motivation, culture, expectation, emotion, stereotypes, and context all influence our _________.
perception
An organized whole
Looks at the human mind and behavior as a ______ rather than simply the sum of its parts
the whole may _______ the sum of its parts
gestalt
whole
exceed
is our mind filling in the gaps
Ex. Assuming the road you are driving on will continue even though it disappears over a hill
perceptual Inference
The Necker Cube is a good example of ___________ principle of _________.
Gestalt
closure
The way our mind distinguishes an object from the background
can be represented as a visual perception but can apply to non-visual fields as well (at crowded party you are focused on what your friends is saying rather than the conversations around you)
figure-ground relationship
Organizing stimuli into coherent groups
proximity
continuity
closure
similarity
grouping
How we see depth and judge distance
Depth perception
What are the 2 types of depth cues
Binocular cues (2 eyes)
Monocular cues (1 eye)
________ cues are better for judging depth of close objects
binocular
Retinal Disparity
Closer objects=larger ______ or noticeable difference
Your eyes compare two images to determine ________
disparity
distance
Muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward to provide depth cues
Closer objects=more __________
Convergence
convergence
_______ cues are better for judging far off distances
monocular
Relative size/height=higher and smaller objects seem to be _____
further
Two parallel lines coming together in the distance
linear perspective
further objects appear more smooth with less texture
texture gradient
Items blocking other things appear closer
Interpositional cues
We see hazy, blurry and unclear as farther away
Relative clarity
When we are moving (in the car) stable objects seem to be moving
relative motion
Occurs when the brain perceives movement when varied images are viewed rapidly (flip book)
stroboscopic movement
Perceiving a series of still images in rapid succession as moving (Gestalt) illustrates stroboscopic movements
can also illustrate afterimage
Phi phenomenon
The illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room
Autokinetic effect
We perceive objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images ________(top down processing)
change
We can see the same color of shirt in a dark room and in the sunlight
color constancies
We know that the brightness of a flower doesn’t change even when the sun is going down
brightness constancies
We know that the shape of the door doesn’t change when our POV changes or know that a car isn’t smaller when it is far away in a parking lot.
Shape and size contancies
An optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is required. The visual cortex must develop neural networks to recognize things like faces and expressions
Without early stimulation, the brain’s neural organization does not develop normally
Critical period
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including artificially displaced or inverted visual field
perceptual adaptation
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Cognition
Cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.
Ex. Student who use it to monitor and evaluate their learning perform better academically
metacognition
type of thought that has a mental representation (picture your best friend)
images
Type of thought that is abstract representations (words are more than simply their letters)
Symbols
Type of thought that are labels for groups of similar items (cat is a symbol/prototype while an animal is a _______)
concept
Type of thought that is an example of a concept (think of a vehicle, if you thought of car that is your _______)
prototype
Jean Piaget proposed that children aren’t stupid they just _________ _______
People develop in _______
learn differently
stages
Believed that what children can do intellectually depends on their specific cognitive level
Jean piaget
A concept of framework that organizes, and creates rules used to interpret the world
schemas
Children first use ________-interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas to group items together (dogs have four legs so everything with four legs is a dog)
Assimilation
Changing your current schema to incorporate new information (learning that not all four legged animals are a dog and that horses are bigger and live on a farm)
accomodate
The ability to create novel and valuable ideas
Creativity
Finding the one correct answer
Convergent thinking
Searching for multiple solutions. More closely associated with creativity
Divergent thinking
Creativity overcomes ______ (thinking from one POV)
rigidity
- Expertise-learning
- imaginative thinking skills
- Venturesome personality
- Intrinsic motivation
- A creative environment
Creativity attributes
The high level cognitive abilities that collectively allow us to solve problems and make decisions effectively
executive functions
A methodical logical rule that guarantees the right solution (can be a formula or another foolproof method)
algorithm
A rule of thumb that is usually true, but not always. These simple strategies are faster, but are more error prone-shortcuts
Heuristic
A sudden realization of a problem solution - not strategy based
insight
Trial and error is slow and deliberate, but can be useful depending on the ____ of problem. (does not need prior knowledge to start with and it is _______ focused)
type
solution
Searching for evidence to support our bias and ignoring evidence that does not
confirmation bias
Approaching a problem a particular way (usually what worked before) - studying the same way you do in another class (reading without thinking about what you’re reading)
mental set
Fast, automatic feelings and thoughts. Based on our experience. Can lead us to overthink or underthink.
Intuition
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
fixation
Only thinking of familiar functions for objects (not being able to find your hammer to drive in tent stakes, and continuing to search for it instead of just using another object like a rock)
Functional fixedness
Can lead to snap judgements and poor decisions
heuristics
Estimating the likelihood of events based on how fast they come to mind or their availability in memory. This causes you to fear things you shouldn’t like airplanes and sharks
Availability heuristic
Making judgement based on how well it matches your prototype (assuming man wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase must be a lawyer)
Representitiveness heuristic
Distorts our judgment of risk. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common Ex. plane crashes, terrorist attacks, wild fires, etc.
Availability Heuristic
Don’t plan for enough time (study and income)
Planning Fallacy
Stick to plan because we already invested
Sunk cost fallacy
Holding a belief after it has been disproven
belief perserverance
How info is presented changes our view of it
Framing
Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions
Nudge
