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AP Psych > Unit 2 Modules 2.1a-2.2b > Flashcards

Unit 2 Modules 2.1a-2.2b Flashcards

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1
Q

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

A

Selective attention

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2
Q

Ability to focus on one voice, while filtering out other distractions.

A

Cocktail Party Effect

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3
Q

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

A

Inattentional Blindness

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4
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment.

A

Change Blindness

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5
Q

18 month video camera watched truckers and found that when they were texting, their risk of collision increased ___ times!!

A

23

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6
Q

Through experience, we come to expect certain results. Those expectations may give us a perceptual set also known as ____-_____ ____________

A

top-down processing

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7
Q

A predisposition to perceive things a certain way based on our expectations
Ex. We often tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation while ignoring other details

A

Perceptual set

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8
Q

Motivation, culture, expectation, emotion, stereotypes, and context all influence our _________.

A

perception

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9
Q

An organized whole
Looks at the human mind and behavior as a ______ rather than simply the sum of its parts
the whole may _______ the sum of its parts

A

gestalt
whole
exceed

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10
Q

is our mind filling in the gaps
Ex. Assuming the road you are driving on will continue even though it disappears over a hill

A

perceptual Inference

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11
Q

The Necker Cube is a good example of ___________ principle of _________.

A

Gestalt
closure

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12
Q

The way our mind distinguishes an object from the background
can be represented as a visual perception but can apply to non-visual fields as well (at crowded party you are focused on what your friends is saying rather than the conversations around you)

A

figure-ground relationship

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13
Q

Organizing stimuli into coherent groups
proximity
continuity
closure
similarity

A

grouping

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14
Q

How we see depth and judge distance

A

Depth perception

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of depth cues

A

Binocular cues (2 eyes)
Monocular cues (1 eye)

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16
Q

________ cues are better for judging depth of close objects

A

binocular

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17
Q

Retinal Disparity
Closer objects=larger ______ or noticeable difference
Your eyes compare two images to determine ________

A

disparity
distance

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18
Q

Muscular tension that occurs when the eyes turn inward to provide depth cues
Closer objects=more __________

A

Convergence
convergence

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19
Q

_______ cues are better for judging far off distances

A

monocular

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20
Q

Relative size/height=higher and smaller objects seem to be _____

A

further

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21
Q

Two parallel lines coming together in the distance

A

linear perspective

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22
Q

further objects appear more smooth with less texture

A

texture gradient

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23
Q

Items blocking other things appear closer

A

Interpositional cues

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24
Q

We see hazy, blurry and unclear as farther away

A

Relative clarity

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25
Q

When we are moving (in the car) stable objects seem to be moving

A

relative motion

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26
Q

Occurs when the brain perceives movement when varied images are viewed rapidly (flip book)

A

stroboscopic movement

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27
Q

Perceiving a series of still images in rapid succession as moving (Gestalt) illustrates stroboscopic movements
can also illustrate afterimage

A

Phi phenomenon

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28
Q

The illusory movement of a still spot of light in a dark room

A

Autokinetic effect

29
Q

We perceive objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images ________(top down processing)

A

change

30
Q

We can see the same color of shirt in a dark room and in the sunlight

A

color constancies

31
Q

We know that the brightness of a flower doesn’t change even when the sun is going down

A

brightness constancies

32
Q

We know that the shape of the door doesn’t change when our POV changes or know that a car isn’t smaller when it is far away in a parking lot.

A

Shape and size contancies

33
Q

An optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences is required. The visual cortex must develop neural networks to recognize things like faces and expressions
Without early stimulation, the brain’s neural organization does not develop normally

A

Critical period

34
Q

The ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including artificially displaced or inverted visual field

A

perceptual adaptation

35
Q

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

A

Cognition

36
Q

Cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes.
Ex. Student who use it to monitor and evaluate their learning perform better academically

A

metacognition

37
Q

type of thought that has a mental representation (picture your best friend)

A

images

38
Q

Type of thought that is abstract representations (words are more than simply their letters)

A

Symbols

39
Q

Type of thought that are labels for groups of similar items (cat is a symbol/prototype while an animal is a _______)

A

concept

40
Q

Type of thought that is an example of a concept (think of a vehicle, if you thought of car that is your _______)

A

prototype

41
Q

Jean Piaget proposed that children aren’t stupid they just _________ _______
People develop in _______

A

learn differently
stages

42
Q

Believed that what children can do intellectually depends on their specific cognitive level

A

Jean piaget

43
Q

A concept of framework that organizes, and creates rules used to interpret the world

A

schemas

44
Q

Children first use ________-interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas to group items together (dogs have four legs so everything with four legs is a dog)

A

Assimilation

45
Q

Changing your current schema to incorporate new information (learning that not all four legged animals are a dog and that horses are bigger and live on a farm)

A

accomodate

46
Q

The ability to create novel and valuable ideas

A

Creativity

47
Q

Finding the one correct answer

A

Convergent thinking

48
Q

Searching for multiple solutions. More closely associated with creativity

A

Divergent thinking

49
Q

Creativity overcomes ______ (thinking from one POV)

A

rigidity

50
Q
  1. Expertise-learning
  2. imaginative thinking skills
  3. Venturesome personality
  4. Intrinsic motivation
  5. A creative environment
A

Creativity attributes

51
Q

The high level cognitive abilities that collectively allow us to solve problems and make decisions effectively

A

executive functions

52
Q

A methodical logical rule that guarantees the right solution (can be a formula or another foolproof method)

A

algorithm

53
Q

A rule of thumb that is usually true, but not always. These simple strategies are faster, but are more error prone-shortcuts

A

Heuristic

54
Q

A sudden realization of a problem solution - not strategy based

A

insight

55
Q

Trial and error is slow and deliberate, but can be useful depending on the ____ of problem. (does not need prior knowledge to start with and it is _______ focused)

A

type
solution

56
Q

Searching for evidence to support our bias and ignoring evidence that does not

A

confirmation bias

57
Q

Approaching a problem a particular way (usually what worked before) - studying the same way you do in another class (reading without thinking about what you’re reading)

A

mental set

58
Q

Fast, automatic feelings and thoughts. Based on our experience. Can lead us to overthink or underthink.

A

Intuition

59
Q

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective

A

fixation

60
Q

Only thinking of familiar functions for objects (not being able to find your hammer to drive in tent stakes, and continuing to search for it instead of just using another object like a rock)

A

Functional fixedness

61
Q

Can lead to snap judgements and poor decisions

A

heuristics

62
Q

Estimating the likelihood of events based on how fast they come to mind or their availability in memory. This causes you to fear things you shouldn’t like airplanes and sharks

A

Availability heuristic

63
Q

Making judgement based on how well it matches your prototype (assuming man wearing a suit and carrying a briefcase must be a lawyer)

A

Representitiveness heuristic

64
Q

Distorts our judgment of risk. If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common Ex. plane crashes, terrorist attacks, wild fires, etc.

A

Availability Heuristic

65
Q

Don’t plan for enough time (study and income)

A

Planning Fallacy

66
Q

Stick to plan because we already invested

A

Sunk cost fallacy

67
Q

Holding a belief after it has been disproven

A

belief perserverance

68
Q

How info is presented changes our view of it

A

Framing

69
Q

Framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions

A

Nudge

AP Psych (7 decks)

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