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AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolutionary Psychology focuses on the traits and behaviors that have been passed down through _____ ______.

A

natural selection

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2
Q

The principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

A

natural selection

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3
Q

Our genes along with occasional ______ allow for the alternative possibilities in our ___up

A

mutation
make

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4
Q

Genes and experience together ___the brain

A

wire

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5
Q

Our ability to survive and reproduce

A

fitness

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6
Q

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

A

social script

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7
Q

Genes, environment, and our culture all combine to influence our development

A

biopsychosocial approach

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8
Q

_____ vs ______ asks, are we more affected by our genes or by our experiences

A

nature vs. nurture

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9
Q

Look at how natural selection favors certain behaviors needed for survival (similarities)

A

evolutionary psychologists

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10
Q

Study the role played by both our genes and our environment in explaining mental processes (differences)

A

behavioral geneticists

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11
Q

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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12
Q

every nongenetic influence from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

environment

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13
Q

The complete instructions for making an organism, contains all the genetic material.

A

genome

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14
Q

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

chromosomes

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15
Q

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes–they synthesize proteins

A

genes

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16
Q

A complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

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17
Q

Refers specifically to the set of genes we are born with

A

genotype

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18
Q

Refers to the set of traits that are expressed

A

phenotype

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19
Q

Always expressed if present

A

dominant genes

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20
Q

Will not be expressed unless they are a pair. Genes can be active or inactive and can be turned on or off

A

recessive genes

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21
Q

Monozygotic

A

identical twins

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22
Q

Although identical twins share the same genes, they may not have the same ______of copies of those genes

A

number

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23
Q

dizygotic

A

fraternal twins

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24
Q

People who grow up together, whether biologically related or not, do not much ____ each other in personality. Adopted children are more ____ to their biological parents than to their adopted parents

A

resemble
similar

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25
Q

Our environment ____ our biology as part of the adaptation process

A

changes

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26
Q

When the effect of one factor (environment) going barefoot depends on another factor (heredity) developing calluses

A

interplay

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27
Q

The study of environmental influence on gene expression that occurs without a DNA change

A

epigenetics

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28
Q

the system of nerves and neurotransmitters that are organized throughout the body
Body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network.
It sends and receives messages from the world to the body’s tissues and brain
the brain then makes decisions and sends back information and orders to the body so we can navigate the world

A

the nervous system

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29
Q

The nervous system is divided into ______ main systems

A

two

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30
Q

What are the two main nervous systems

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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31
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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33
Q

Nerves have ____ that form neural cables connecting the CNS with the rest of the body’s muscles, glands and sensory organs

A

axons

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34
Q

Receptors (eyes, skin) that send signals to the brain: also known as afferent neurons (taken in at the brain)

A

sensory neurons located in the PNS

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35
Q

Brain signals that are sent to muscles and organs: efferent neurons (E for engine—–___)(Exit the brain)

A

motor

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36
Q

Sensory neurons are also known as _____ neurons

A

afferent

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37
Q

Motor neurons are also known as ______ neurons

A

efferent

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38
Q

What are the two subsystems in the PNS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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39
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

emergency response (fight or flight)

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40
Q

Voluntary movements

A

somatic nervous system

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41
Q

Made up of all the nerves in the brain and spinal cord. Center of body

A

the central nervous system

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42
Q

The body’s decision maker
enables our humanity, our thinking, feeling and acting
86 billion neurons
made up of grey and white matter

A

the brain

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43
Q

Neurons cluster together in neutral _______.

A

networks

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44
Q

2 way information highway
bundles of interneurons (relay connectors)

A

The Spinal Cord

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45
Q

It connects the Peripheral Nervous System to the brain and the brain to the PNS

A

Spinal cord

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46
Q

It governs our reflexes. A simple automatic response of sensory stimulus such as a knee-jerk reflex.

A

spinal cord

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47
Q

Everything Psychological is ________ and everything biological is _________

A

biological
psychological

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48
Q

The Nervous System is how our _____ communicates with our ________ and how our body communicates with our brain

A

brain
body

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49
Q

Two common types of neutral cells in the brain are

A

neurons
glial cells

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50
Q

A nerve cell, basic building blocks of the nervous system. Information processing units that send and receive electrochemical signals

A

Neurons

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51
Q

Cells that support, nourish and protect neurons. They also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory. Neutral Nannies!

A

Glial Cells

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52
Q

A neuron is a nerve _____: The basic building blocks of a nervous system

A

cell

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53
Q

what are the three tasks that a neuron performs

A

receives information
Carries information
Passes information to the next neuron

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54
Q

the branching extensions of a neuron that receive information and conduct impulses toward the cell body (_____)

A

dendrite
soma

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55
Q

The ____ _______ maintains the health of a the neuron, takes in nutrients into energy

A

cell body

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56
Q

Like the remote control center of the cell. Acts as the cell’s brain by telling it what to do, how to grow, and when to reproduce

A

nucleus

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57
Q

the extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent

A

axon

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58
Q

Cover the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

A

myelin sheath

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59
Q

are branch like connections at the end of the axon that form connections with other cells and passes the message to other neurons

A

terminal branches

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60
Q

The chemical substances which are responsible for transmission of an impulse through a synapse

A

neurotransmitters

61
Q

Signals from neurotransmitters can be either _______ or _______

A

exitatory
inhibitory

62
Q

exitatory

A

generating action potential

63
Q

Inhibitory

A

reducing or preventing impulses

64
Q

When a neurotransmitter is finished it is released back into the ______ and sometimes reabsorbed into the original neuron known as ________

A

synapse
reuptake

65
Q

the tiny, fluid-filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another

A

synapse

66
Q

A neural impulse, a brief electrical charge that travels from the dendrites down the axon of a neuron to the axon terminals

A

action potential

67
Q

The recharging phase during which a neuron after firing cannot generate another action potential.

A

Refractory period

68
Q

Once the refractory period is complete the ____can fire again

A

neuron

69
Q

The state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential, ready to fire

A

resting potential

70
Q

What principle states that if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity; all action potentials have the same strength
all fire at 100%

A

all-or-none principle

71
Q

What are the chemicals that act as neurotransmitters

A

agonists and antagonists

72
Q

Activates receptors by mimicking neurotransmitters, block reuptake or increase production

A

agonists

73
Q

Chemicals that block receptors sites and decrease and inhibit production

A

antagonists

74
Q

Made up of glands that secrete chemical messengers (hormones) to communicate and influence interest in sex, food, aggression, growth, metabolism, etc.

A

The endocrine system

75
Q

Traveling through the ______, hormones are______ than neurotransmitters, but tend to be longer-______

A

bloodstream
slower
lasting

76
Q

what gland Activates other glands

A

pituitary

77
Q

what gland controls Cortisol (stress)

A

Adrenal

78
Q

Which hormones increase heart rate-fight or flight

A

adrenaline

79
Q

Which hormone helps with social support or bonding

A

oxytocin

80
Q

Stress hormone that increases blood sugar

A

cortisol

81
Q

Chemical substances that alter the brain causing changes in perceptions, mood, and/or behavior

A

Psychoactive Drugs

82
Q

Brain chemistry is altered by psychoactive drugs by affecting synapses and neurotransmitters in what 3 ways

A

Binding with receptors (agonists)
Blocking receptor sites (antagonists)
Or by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters

83
Q

An everyday term for compulsive disorder that continue despite harmful consequences

A

addiction

84
Q

A disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

A

Substance Use Disorder

85
Q

What are the three main effect of Substance abuse disorder

A

diminished control
Diminished Social functioning
Hazardous Use

86
Q

When the brain increases our decreases neurotransmitter production in response to drugs

A

neuroadaptation

87
Q

When user is compelled to use drug despite known consequences

A

tolerance

88
Q

Reversing neuroadaptation by discontinuing a drug.

A

withdrawal

89
Q

What are the three categories of drugs

A

depressants, stimulants, and hallocinogens

90
Q

Suppresses neural activity and slows body functions

A

depressant

91
Q

What are alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates examples of

A

depressants

92
Q

a disinhibitor, impairs judgement and reduces self-awareness affects prefrontal cortex
intensifies inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and acts as a antagonist for glutamate intensifying the sluggish slowed effects. Disrupts memory formation and REM sleep

A

depressants

93
Q

Depress nervous system activity can ease anxiety or insomnia, also impairs memory

A

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

94
Q

Pain reducers with abuse the brain stops producing endorphins. Leads to intense withdrawal
examples: morphine, oxycontin, codeine and heroin

A

opiates or narcotics

95
Q

Abuses Autonomic Nervous System
Speeds up body function, excites neural activity, and increases self-confidence
Blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
Illegal: Ecstasy, meth, cocaine
legal: Prescription amphetamines (Adderall) caffeine and nicotine

A

stimulants

96
Q

Sensory distorion can be natural or synthetic
Chronic use disrupts memory, attention, and learning ability
LSD
Marajuana

A

hallucinogens (psychedelics)

97
Q

Seizures, brain injury, sensory deprivation, stess, intense fever, and even extreme grief or depression and near-death experiences

A

neurological distubances

98
Q

Who identified that the brian has different sections

A

franz gall

99
Q

scientific study of links between Biological and psychological processes

A

biological psychology

100
Q

The integrated approach or perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

A

biopsychosocial approach

101
Q

The brain’s ability to change especially during childhood by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

A

neuroplasticity

102
Q

the formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

103
Q

Naturally or experimentally destroying tissue of brain

A

lesions

104
Q

traces brain activity through electrodes on the scalp
Brains electrical function
Used for sleep studies, depression, anxiety
Stimulates the frontal lobe

A

EEG

105
Q

Series of x-rays taken at different angles then combines as computer images
Shows brain damage, tumors, structural issues

A

CAT of CT

106
Q

Measures metabolic activity in the brain regions (with radioactive glucose)–finds hot spots when doing a task. Shows function

A

PET scan

107
Q

Measures magnetic fields from brain electricity
Head coil
How tasks influence brain activity
Shows function

A

MEG

108
Q

Using magnetic fields and radio waves shows soft tissue and anatomy
More detail than CT scan
Shows structure or brain anatomy

A

MRI

109
Q

Uses blood flow to show motion (function)
Shows function and structure
What lights up during specific tasks or thoughts
Compares successive MRI scans

A

fMRI

110
Q

Consists of the Medulla, pons and the cerebellum. Directs essential survival functions, such as breathing, sleeping, and wakefulness, as well as coordination and balance

A

The brain stem or hindbrain

111
Q

Controls autonomic function (heart rate, breathing, reflexes)

A

medulla Oblongata
wearing a medal over your heart

112
Q

Regulates sleep cycles
A relay station from the brainstem to the cerebellum

A

pons

113
Q

Is responsible for attention and arousal–works with pons to wake you up

A

reticular formation

114
Q

Controls movements, coordination, posture, and balance

A

cerebellum
ringing a bell to celebrate movement

115
Q

Forebrain, sensory relay center. Relay station for the senses
sits on top of brainstem. Sends sensory signals to the various lobes. Also relays from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and medulla

A

T for traffic officer
thalamus

116
Q

What does the Limbic system consist of?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
HAPH

117
Q

Found atop the brainstem. Connects the hindbrain with the forebrain controls some motor movement, and transmits auditory and visual info

A

midbrain

118
Q

Consists of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
Manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activites

A

forebrain

119
Q

Above the brainstem, associated with emotions and drive and memory

A

limbic system

120
Q

processes fear and aggression. Two lima bean sized neural clusters. Active during threatening situations. Damage leads to a flat affect or little emotion

A

amygdala

121
Q

Used for memory formation and learning. Vital for explicit memory facts and events. Like a save button for forming memories

A

hippocampus

122
Q

Helps keep us in balance

A

hypothalamus

123
Q

Outer layer-made up of grey matter
interconnected neural cells covering hemispheres
ultimate control and information processing center

A

cerebral cortex

124
Q

Made up of Cerebral hemispheres come as a pair
Makes up 85% of the weight of the brain (largest part)
Form specialized work teams to enable perceiving, thinking and speaking.
Higher cognitive processes
Also includes the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex

A

cerebrum

125
Q

What are the 4 lobes

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

126
Q

located directly behind the forehead
the command center in charge of decision making, planning, personality, judgement, and social awareness
Sometimes called the executive lobe
Also responsible for speaking and movement. Contains 20-23 billion of the brain neurons. Includes motor cortex and controls voluntary movements

A

Frontal lobe

127
Q

Behind frontal lobe, on top of head
processes touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Somatosensory cortex receives input for touch and movement. It has been mapped to show where specific signals are received

A

parietal

128
Q

Located at the very back of each hemisphere
Processes visual signals
Helps recognize lines, angles, shapes, shadows and even movement

A

Occipital

129
Q

Areas of cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor and sensory functions. Involved in higher mental functions (interpreting, integrating info, and acting on sensory info and links stored memories. Found in all four lobes

A

associations areas

130
Q

His damaged frontal lobe affected his personality

A

phineas gage

131
Q

Communication among distinct brain areas and neural networks

A

functional connectivity

132
Q

Complex functions do not reside in any _____ place
Many areas of the brain are active at the same time

A

single

133
Q

Large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres carries messages from 1 hemisphere to the other

A

corpus collosum

134
Q

Each hemisphere performs different functions

A

lateralization or specialization

135
Q

A surgical procedure that separates the brain’s 2 hemispheres by cutting the corpus callosum, usually because of seizures

A

split brain

136
Q

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the ____ side of the body and vice versa

A

right

137
Q

Left frontal lobe. Helps produce speech

A

broca’s area

138
Q

Left temporal lobe. Helps us comprehend and understand language

A

Wernicke’s Area

139
Q

Speaking and language
math calculations
analytic things
logic
making literal interpretations
controlling the right side of the body
receives sensory input from the right side of the body

A

left hemisphere

140
Q

Perceptual tasks
music
Art
making inferences
modulating speech
visual perception–spatial awareness
recognition emotion
controlling the left side of the body
sensory input from left side

A

Right hemisphere

141
Q

Humans are _____ left-brained or right-braines. We use our____ brain to perform countless activities in an integrated manner (functional connectivity

A

not
entire

142
Q

Muscle action, learning, memory
deterioration causes Alzheimer’s disease and paralysis

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

143
Q

Movement, learning, attention, emotion–released while eating and sex
Excess leads to schizophrenia
deficient leads to Parkinson’s

A

dopamine

144
Q

Mood hunger sleep arousal
Undersupply lead to depression
Antidepressants work to increase this hormone

A

serotonin

145
Q

Controls alertness and arousal
Undersupply: depression
Epinephrine: Adrenaline

A

Norepinephrine

146
Q

Inhibitory–slows us down
Undersuplly linked to tremors, seizures, insomnia

A

GABA

147
Q

Excitatory–also memory
Oversupply can overstimulate, migraines or seizures

A

Glutamate

148
Q

Perception of Pain and Pleasure control during stress
Oversupply with opiate drug–suppress natural supply
Associated with disorders like OCD

A

Endorphin

AP Psych (7 decks)

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