Unit 1.6 Flashcards
We take in input from the ______ through anatomical structures like eyes, ____, nose, ________, skin (sensations)
__________
world
ears
tongue
receive
We process and _______ that information.
_______
interpret
Transform
These perceptions influence how we ____ and behave.
think
Deliver
The bottom-up process by which our senses (vision, hearing, smell) receive and represent outside stimulus
Sensation
The top-down way our brains organize that information and put it into context.
Perception
Both are needed to gather and interpret information to make sense of the world
Perception and Sensory
Our sensory and perception processes are _______ together to help us sort out _____ images
working
complex
Taking in the information (sensory - PNS)
Bottom-up processing
We use higher level imental processing (brain - CNS)
Top-down processing
Sensation begins at our sensory _____ (nerve endings that respond to stimuli) to take in info from the ________.
receptor
environment
Begins with the sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue, muscles).
Bottom-up processing
Starts in the brain guided by our experience and expectations
Top-down processing
Converting one form of energy into another that the brain can read
transduction
Sensory stimulation
Receive
Stimulation into neural impulses
transform
Neural information to our brain
deliver
Study between the physical (intensity) and psychological (experience) of stimuli
psychophysics
Measures our sensitivity of sensory input. Smallest level of stimulus that can be detected at least half of the time
The first moment you recognize something
Absolute threshold
Our ability to detect stimulus depends on its strength and our psychological state
Assumes there is no absolute threshold
When we detect the presence of stimulus, depends on our top-down processes (experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness)
These theorists seek to understand why we respond differently to some stimuli
Signal Detection Theory
Stimuli that you cannot detect 50% of the time (below your absolute threshold)
Subliminal stimuli
unconscious associations
priming
Smallest change that can be detected between two stimuli at least 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)
Difference threshold
States that the stronger the stimulus, the bigger the change to notice a difference. Phone screen seems bright in dark room but no outside in sunlight
2 stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage not a constant amount.
Weber’s Law
Becoming less sensitive to unchanging stimulus
Sensory adaptation
When constantly exposed to unchanging stimulus, we become ___ aware of it allowing us to focus on info changes in our environment why?
nerve cells fire less frequently
Shifting your attention from a stimulus.
Don’t notice that you have socks on until I said something
Sensory habituation
Energy moves in an electromagnetic ______.
spectrum
Humans have a fairly limited visual range
light travels in ______ and the shape of these influence what we ___
waves
see
The distance from one peak to the next
determines hue or color
wavelength
The height of the peaks
determines brightness
intensity or amplitude
Short wavelength=
Long wavelength=
bluish
reddish
Great amplitude=
Small amplitude=
brighter
duller
Where the light first hits
protective covering that helps focus the light
cornea
Second, it enters the _____ (center opening) and the ______ dialates or constricts to let in more or less light (it is the colored part of the eye)
pupil
iris
Third, the flexible and curved ______ changes shape to focus new and far objects on retina
Lens
The lens flips the image
accomodation
Fourth, the image is projected on the _____ in the back of the eye. Here specialized neurons are activated by various wavelengths of light
retina
Transforming incoming stimuli into neural impulses the brain understands
transduction
Transduction happens in all senses but with vision it begins in the _____ where light activates the photoreceptors called ____ and ______
if enough are fired, bipolar cells are activated, which trigger ______ cells
retina
rods and cones
ganglion
Contains mostly cones
fovia
Black and White
Dim light
Peripheral Vision
Rods
Colors
bright light
detail
center of retina
cones
The axons of the ganglion cells make up the
optic nerve
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye (no rods or cones)
Blind spot
The optic nerves sends signals to the _______ and the messages are directed to the ____lobe
thalamus
occipital
A color vision theory that is the oldest and simplest
says that we have 3 types of cones (red, blue, green)
they work together to perceive a range of colors
trichromatic theory
Color vision theory that says receptors come in pairs. (re/green, yellow/blue, black/white) This explains color afterimages and color blindness
opponent-processing
Most researchers agree with a combination of ______ theory and _______-________
Individual cones do appear to correspond with trichromatic
opponent-processing may occur at other layers of the retina
trichromatic
opponent-processing
People with ________ color blindness have difficulty seeing shads of red/green or blue/yellow
dichromatic
People with ______ color blindness can only see shades of grey
monochromatic
receptor rods and cones —– bipolar cells—-
ganglion cells
retinal processing
Brains detector cells (hubel and Wiesel) in visual cortex respond to specific _______ like lines, edges, angles, an dmovements
details
Brain cell teams process info about color, movement, form, and depth
parallel processing
brain interprets info from stored memories
Recognition
Processing of sound waves into hearing
autition
Sound waves produce _______ in the air and are captured by our ears
These waves vary in amplitude (_____) and frequency (_______)
vibrations
height
length
Determines loudness of sound
amplitude
determines pitch
frequency
Sound waves first collected in ______ ___ (pinna)
Travels down ear canal until reaches _____ (thin membrane that vibrates) beginning of middle ear.
It is attached to 3 ______ (bones) in middle ear these (hammer, anvil, stirrup) transmit vibrations to ____ ______
This is attached to fluid filled and snail shaped _______
Its floor is lines with ___ cells
These are connected to the organ of corti, triggering _______
Those transducted messages are transmitted to the ____
outer ear
eardrum
ossicles
oval window
cochlea
hair
transduction
brain
Auditory nerve—— thalamus —— temporal lobe —— auditory cotex
movement of sound through ear
What are the two main types of deafness
Sensorineural (nerve) deafness
Conduction deafness
Usually caused by loud noise and prolonged exposure can become permanent
Can be genetic or old age
sensorinerual deafness
Something wrong with mechanical hearing system
damage to eardrum or ossicles (middle ear: hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
Conduction deafness
Cochlear implant
hearing aids
sensorineural loss
Surgical procedures
Bone conduction devices
Conductive loss
device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea
cochlear implant
make sounds louder
hearing aids
Including drainage tubes, fix bones
surgical procedures for hearing loss
Early intervention is most effective for this treatment for hearing loss
bone conduction devices
To locate sounds, our brains analyzes ____ and ______ of sounds as they hit each ear
intensity and timing
If sound hits left ear ____ and more ______ brain interprets it as coming from the left side.
first
intense
What are the two theories that explain how we hear pitch
frequency theory
place theory
tones are sensed by the rate cells fire - how fast or slow they are firing
volley theory (neurons can’t fire faster than 1000 waves/sec)
frequency theory
Place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
At the __ of cochlea - high pitch and degenerates first
At the ___ of the cochlea - low pitch
Place theory
base
top
Headphones direct __ sound waves into auditory canal and bombard ________ membrane
all
basilar
The three ways we feel touch is a combination of ______,_______,____, and ______
pressure
warmth
cold
pain
What is important for human growth and happiness
premature babies grow faster with it
cognition influences our perception of this
touch
Pain is a __________experience
biopsychosocial
____ involves both bottom-up and top-down processing
the signals go to spinal cord then to brain
pain
Type of biological influence that are sensory receptors that detect hurtful temps and chemicals
respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending impulse to spinal cord, passing message on to brain, which interprets signal as pain
nociceptors
The spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. Small fibers carry pain messages to the brain, but the gate can block those messages with larger fibers that are activated at the same time. Ex. Rubbing area where you were injured
Gate-Control theory
Giving kids attention when they fall is an example of a _____influence on pain
Psychological
We tend to perceive pain when others seem to be experiencing pain
We get cues on how to perceive pain from our culture’s views on pain
Fear, anxiety, sympathy, and memory can all intensify pain perception
Social-Cultural Influences on pain
What are two ways to control pain
distractions
placebos
The chemical senses (taste and smell) work together and respond to _______ rather than ____
molecules
energy (sound and light)
Taste =
gustation
What begins with our taste buds
gustation (taste)
Located on the papillae (bumps on tongue) with some on roof of your mouth and cheeks
Taste buds
What are the 6 types of tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savory or meaty) and Oleogustus (fats for energy, insulation and cell growth)
For survival we _____ sour and bitter
while ______ sweet salty and umami
avoid
desiring
Have dense taste buds (can be picky eaters)
supertasters
Have fewer taste buds (crave sweet and spicy foods)
undertasters
Smell =
olfaction
Olfaction (smell) is the most _____ of the senses because of how it travels to the brain
evocative (brings strong feelings)
Olfaction builb gathers ____ messages and sends them to the limbic system First the _____ and then the _________
Other senses go straight to the _____ this is why a smell can produce vivid memories
receptor
amygdala (emotions)
hippocampus (memories)
thalamus
Our sense of smell peaks between ages ____ and ____. There is a marked decline after ____ explaining why older people can wear a lot of perfume
30
60
70
Molecules of substances rise into the air and are ____ into our noses
Some eventually settle on the ___ ____ or top of each nostril and the chemical keys fit into receptor locks
drawn
mucous membrane
Airborne chemical signals that animals uses to communicate with each other. Ex. dogs in heat send signals for mating
pheromones
_______sense is our experience of movement and balance.
vestibular
Three fluid filled canals in the ____ ear track our body orientation and as our heads change position, fluid in the canals move ______ cells that send impulses to the brain Ex. a roller-coaster can disrupt this fluid and send confusing signals to the brain like dizziness and nasea
inner
hair
Our movement sense. Senses position and movement of individual body parts.
kinesthetic sense
Receptors in muscles and joints are combined with visual info ex. dancer, gymnast, football player
proprioception
Our senses are _____
Taste and smell
vision and hearing
interconnected
