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AP Psych > Unit 1.6 > Flashcards

Unit 1.6 Flashcards

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1
Q

We take in input from the ______ through anatomical structures like eyes, ____, nose, ________, skin (sensations)
__________

A

world
ears
tongue
receive

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2
Q

We process and _______ that information.
_______

A

interpret
Transform

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3
Q

These perceptions influence how we ____ and behave.

A

think
Deliver

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4
Q

The bottom-up process by which our senses (vision, hearing, smell) receive and represent outside stimulus

A

Sensation

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5
Q

The top-down way our brains organize that information and put it into context.

A

Perception

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6
Q

Both are needed to gather and interpret information to make sense of the world

A

Perception and Sensory

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7
Q

Our sensory and perception processes are _______ together to help us sort out _____ images

A

working
complex

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8
Q

Taking in the information (sensory - PNS)

A

Bottom-up processing

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9
Q

We use higher level imental processing (brain - CNS)

A

Top-down processing

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10
Q

Sensation begins at our sensory _____ (nerve endings that respond to stimuli) to take in info from the ________.

A

receptor
environment

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11
Q

Begins with the sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue, muscles).

A

Bottom-up processing

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12
Q

Starts in the brain guided by our experience and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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13
Q

Converting one form of energy into another that the brain can read

A

transduction

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14
Q

Sensory stimulation

A

Receive

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15
Q

Stimulation into neural impulses

A

transform

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16
Q

Neural information to our brain

A

deliver

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17
Q

Study between the physical (intensity) and psychological (experience) of stimuli

A

psychophysics

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18
Q

Measures our sensitivity of sensory input. Smallest level of stimulus that can be detected at least half of the time
The first moment you recognize something

A

Absolute threshold

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19
Q

Our ability to detect stimulus depends on its strength and our psychological state
Assumes there is no absolute threshold
When we detect the presence of stimulus, depends on our top-down processes (experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness)
These theorists seek to understand why we respond differently to some stimuli

A

Signal Detection Theory

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20
Q

Stimuli that you cannot detect 50% of the time (below your absolute threshold)

A

Subliminal stimuli

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21
Q

unconscious associations

A

priming

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22
Q

Smallest change that can be detected between two stimuli at least 50% of the time (just noticeable difference)

A

Difference threshold

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23
Q

States that the stronger the stimulus, the bigger the change to notice a difference. Phone screen seems bright in dark room but no outside in sunlight
2 stimuli must differ by constant minimum percentage not a constant amount.

A

Weber’s Law

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24
Q

Becoming less sensitive to unchanging stimulus

A

Sensory adaptation

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25
Q

When constantly exposed to unchanging stimulus, we become ___ aware of it allowing us to focus on info changes in our environment why?

A

nerve cells fire less frequently

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26
Q

Shifting your attention from a stimulus.
Don’t notice that you have socks on until I said something

A

Sensory habituation

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27
Q

Energy moves in an electromagnetic ______.

A

spectrum

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28
Q

Humans have a fairly limited visual range
light travels in ______ and the shape of these influence what we ___

A

waves
see

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29
Q

The distance from one peak to the next
determines hue or color

A

wavelength

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30
Q

The height of the peaks
determines brightness

A

intensity or amplitude

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31
Q

Short wavelength=
Long wavelength=

A

bluish
reddish

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32
Q

Great amplitude=
Small amplitude=

A

brighter
duller

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33
Q

Where the light first hits
protective covering that helps focus the light

A

cornea

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34
Q

Second, it enters the _____ (center opening) and the ______ dialates or constricts to let in more or less light (it is the colored part of the eye)

A

pupil
iris

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35
Q

Third, the flexible and curved ______ changes shape to focus new and far objects on retina

A

Lens

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36
Q

The lens flips the image

A

accomodation

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37
Q

Fourth, the image is projected on the _____ in the back of the eye. Here specialized neurons are activated by various wavelengths of light

A

retina

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38
Q

Transforming incoming stimuli into neural impulses the brain understands

A

transduction

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39
Q

Transduction happens in all senses but with vision it begins in the _____ where light activates the photoreceptors called ____ and ______
if enough are fired, bipolar cells are activated, which trigger ______ cells

A

retina
rods and cones
ganglion

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40
Q

Contains mostly cones

A

fovia

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41
Q

Black and White
Dim light
Peripheral Vision

A

Rods

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42
Q

Colors
bright light
detail
center of retina

A

cones

43
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells make up the

A

optic nerve

44
Q

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye (no rods or cones)

A

Blind spot

45
Q

The optic nerves sends signals to the _______ and the messages are directed to the ____lobe

A

thalamus
occipital

46
Q

A color vision theory that is the oldest and simplest
says that we have 3 types of cones (red, blue, green)
they work together to perceive a range of colors

A

trichromatic theory

47
Q

Color vision theory that says receptors come in pairs. (re/green, yellow/blue, black/white) This explains color afterimages and color blindness

A

opponent-processing

48
Q

Most researchers agree with a combination of ______ theory and _______-________
Individual cones do appear to correspond with trichromatic
opponent-processing may occur at other layers of the retina

A

trichromatic
opponent-processing

49
Q

People with ________ color blindness have difficulty seeing shads of red/green or blue/yellow

A

dichromatic

50
Q

People with ______ color blindness can only see shades of grey

A

monochromatic

51
Q

receptor rods and cones —– bipolar cells—-
ganglion cells

A

retinal processing

52
Q

Brains detector cells (hubel and Wiesel) in visual cortex respond to specific _______ like lines, edges, angles, an dmovements

A

details

53
Q

Brain cell teams process info about color, movement, form, and depth

A

parallel processing

54
Q

brain interprets info from stored memories

A

Recognition

55
Q

Processing of sound waves into hearing

A

autition

56
Q

Sound waves produce _______ in the air and are captured by our ears
These waves vary in amplitude (_____) and frequency (_______)

A

vibrations
height
length

57
Q

Determines loudness of sound

A

amplitude

58
Q

determines pitch

A

frequency

59
Q

Sound waves first collected in ______ ___ (pinna)
Travels down ear canal until reaches _____ (thin membrane that vibrates) beginning of middle ear.
It is attached to 3 ______ (bones) in middle ear these (hammer, anvil, stirrup) transmit vibrations to ____ ______
This is attached to fluid filled and snail shaped _______
Its floor is lines with ___ cells
These are connected to the organ of corti, triggering _______
Those transducted messages are transmitted to the ____

A

outer ear
eardrum
ossicles
oval window
cochlea
hair
transduction
brain

60
Q

Auditory nerve—— thalamus —— temporal lobe —— auditory cotex

A

movement of sound through ear

61
Q

What are the two main types of deafness

A

Sensorineural (nerve) deafness
Conduction deafness

62
Q

Usually caused by loud noise and prolonged exposure can become permanent
Can be genetic or old age

A

sensorinerual deafness

63
Q

Something wrong with mechanical hearing system
damage to eardrum or ossicles (middle ear: hammer, anvil, and stirrup)

A

Conduction deafness

64
Q

Cochlear implant
hearing aids

A

sensorineural loss

65
Q

Surgical procedures
Bone conduction devices

A

Conductive loss

66
Q

device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into cochlea

A

cochlear implant

67
Q

make sounds louder

A

hearing aids

68
Q

Including drainage tubes, fix bones

A

surgical procedures for hearing loss

69
Q

Early intervention is most effective for this treatment for hearing loss

A

bone conduction devices

70
Q

To locate sounds, our brains analyzes ____ and ______ of sounds as they hit each ear

A

intensity and timing

71
Q

If sound hits left ear ____ and more ______ brain interprets it as coming from the left side.

A

first
intense

72
Q

What are the two theories that explain how we hear pitch

A

frequency theory
place theory

73
Q

tones are sensed by the rate cells fire - how fast or slow they are firing
volley theory (neurons can’t fire faster than 1000 waves/sec)

A

frequency theory

74
Q

Place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
At the __ of cochlea - high pitch and degenerates first
At the ___ of the cochlea - low pitch

A

Place theory
base
top

75
Q

Headphones direct __ sound waves into auditory canal and bombard ________ membrane

A

all
basilar

76
Q

The three ways we feel touch is a combination of ______,_______,____, and ______

A

pressure
warmth
cold
pain

77
Q

What is important for human growth and happiness
premature babies grow faster with it
cognition influences our perception of this

A

touch

78
Q

Pain is a __________experience

A

biopsychosocial

79
Q

____ involves both bottom-up and top-down processing
the signals go to spinal cord then to brain

A

pain

80
Q

Type of biological influence that are sensory receptors that detect hurtful temps and chemicals
respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending impulse to spinal cord, passing message on to brain, which interprets signal as pain

A

nociceptors

81
Q

The spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. Small fibers carry pain messages to the brain, but the gate can block those messages with larger fibers that are activated at the same time. Ex. Rubbing area where you were injured

A

Gate-Control theory

82
Q

Giving kids attention when they fall is an example of a _____influence on pain

A

Psychological

83
Q

We tend to perceive pain when others seem to be experiencing pain
We get cues on how to perceive pain from our culture’s views on pain
Fear, anxiety, sympathy, and memory can all intensify pain perception

A

Social-Cultural Influences on pain

84
Q

What are two ways to control pain

A

distractions
placebos

85
Q

The chemical senses (taste and smell) work together and respond to _______ rather than ____

A

molecules
energy (sound and light)

86
Q

Taste =

A

gustation

87
Q

What begins with our taste buds

A

gustation (taste)

88
Q

Located on the papillae (bumps on tongue) with some on roof of your mouth and cheeks

A

Taste buds

89
Q

What are the 6 types of tastes

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savory or meaty) and Oleogustus (fats for energy, insulation and cell growth)

90
Q

For survival we _____ sour and bitter
while ______ sweet salty and umami

A

avoid
desiring

91
Q

Have dense taste buds (can be picky eaters)

A

supertasters

92
Q

Have fewer taste buds (crave sweet and spicy foods)

A

undertasters

93
Q

Smell =

A

olfaction

94
Q

Olfaction (smell) is the most _____ of the senses because of how it travels to the brain

A

evocative (brings strong feelings)

95
Q

Olfaction builb gathers ____ messages and sends them to the limbic system First the _____ and then the _________
Other senses go straight to the _____ this is why a smell can produce vivid memories

A

receptor
amygdala (emotions)
hippocampus (memories)
thalamus

96
Q

Our sense of smell peaks between ages ____ and ____. There is a marked decline after ____ explaining why older people can wear a lot of perfume

A

30
60
70

97
Q

Molecules of substances rise into the air and are ____ into our noses
Some eventually settle on the ___ ____ or top of each nostril and the chemical keys fit into receptor locks

A

drawn
mucous membrane

98
Q

Airborne chemical signals that animals uses to communicate with each other. Ex. dogs in heat send signals for mating

A

pheromones

99
Q

_______sense is our experience of movement and balance.

A

vestibular

100
Q

Three fluid filled canals in the ____ ear track our body orientation and as our heads change position, fluid in the canals move ______ cells that send impulses to the brain Ex. a roller-coaster can disrupt this fluid and send confusing signals to the brain like dizziness and nasea

A

inner
hair

101
Q

Our movement sense. Senses position and movement of individual body parts.

A

kinesthetic sense

102
Q

Receptors in muscles and joints are combined with visual info ex. dancer, gymnast, football player

A

proprioception

103
Q

Our senses are _____
Taste and smell
vision and hearing

A

interconnected

AP Psych (7 decks)

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