Unit 0 Flashcards
All your feelings and behaviors are connected to your brain.
Biological perspective
Focuses on observable behaviors that impair our lives and attempts to change them. We are the product of what we learn through conditioning. Puts feelings aside.
Behavioral
Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Roger’s. Focuses on positive growth. Therapists use active listening and unconditional positive regard. Believes everyone has good in them.
Humanistic
Focuses on how we think. How we see the world or respond to events. Attempts to change the way you think.
Cognitive
Fathered by sigmund Freud. Our behavior comes from unconscious drives and childhood issues. Focuses on the unconscious mind. In order to get better you must bring forward the true feelings you have in your unconscious.
Psychodynamic
Focuses on inherited traits that help us survive as a species. We act the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Our behavior helped ensure our ancestor survival.
Evolutionary
Looks at the impact society, culture, ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality. Behaviors can change because of various subcultures.
Socio-Cultural Perspective
The science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
What makes psychology a science?
Findings result from a scientific approach and has scientifically derived evidence
Does it work? When put to the test, can its predictions be confirmed?
Curiosity
What do you mean? How do you know?
Skepticism
Be willing to be supposed and follow new ideas
Humility
What are the 3 aspects of a scientific attitude?
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Hindsight bias
The I knew it all along phenomenon
Overconfidence
We think we know more then we actually do
Perceiving order in Random events
We tend to make patterns that don’t actually exist
A process where you self-correct in order to evaluate ideas through observation and analysis
Scientific Method
Falsifiable
How strong the hypothesis is Can the hypothesis be proven wrong?
Operational definition
Statement that explains how study is conducted
Studying an individual or group in hopes it will reveal something applicable to everyone
Explains
Case study
Recording info in an natural environment without manipulating or controlling the situation
Describes
Naturalistic observation
The way surveys are worded affects the result
Wording effects
A bias when people respond the way they think the researcher wants them to
Social desirability
Report behavior inaccurately
Self report bias
Unrepresenting in a case sampling so it’s not accurate. A few people from the school instead of all
Sampling bias
Random sample vs random assignment
Random sample takes from whole population whereas random assignment takes from that groups and splits into control and experimental
Statistical index of relationship between two things (-1.00 to 1.00)
Correlation coefficient
On a scatterplot Little scatter=
High correlation
Correlation doesn’t =
Causation
When you think there’s a relationship but there really isn’t
Illusory correlation
Tendency for extreme events to fall back to the average
Regression toward the mean
Both research participants and research staff don’t know who got the treatment or a placebo
Double blind procedure
Research method where one or more factors are manipulated to observe the effect
Experiment
Thinking your getting treated and feeling like u are but ur actually not
Placebo effect
Independent variable
Thing that is manipulated
After if
Confounding variable
Factor besides the one being studied that might influence result
Dependent variable
Outcome that may change when independent variable changes
Did the experiment test what it was supposed to test
Validity
Relies on in depth/narrative data
Qualitative
Uses numerical data to represent degrees of variable
Quantitative
Giving participant enough information info about a study so they can choose to participate or not
Informed consent
Central tendency
Single score representing a set of scores
What are the most important scientific values?
Honesty followed by curiosity and perseverance
Post experimental explanation including any deceptions
Debriefing
Bar graph with frequency distribution
Histogram
How does statistics benefit us?
Helps us to see what the unaided eye might miss
Numerical data that measures and describes characteristics
Descriptive statistics
Median
Midpoint or 50th percentile
Mean
Average
Representation of scores that lack symmetry around average value
Skewed distribution
What are the two measures of variation
Range and standard deviation
Mode
Most frequently occurring score or scores
Range
Difference between highest and lowest scores
What does variation represent
How similar or diverse scores are
Measure of how much scores vary around mean score
Standard deviation
Symmetrical bell-shaped curve describing distribution of many types of data
Normal curve
Draw a normal bell curve with percentage points and standard deviation
Nice
Numerical data that allows one to generalize
Inferential statistics
When is an observed difference significant?
When it doesn’t matter as much
Statistical significance
How likely it is that a result occurred by chance
Only ______ can prove causation because they can manipulate variables
Experiments
What research method is used in Naturalistic observation, case study, and survey
observe and describe
_______ helps us predict behavior through descriptive research we note that 2 variable have a relationship, now we can research if one variable might predict another.
correlation/predict
Type of research method where manipulated variable to determine if one causes the other
experiment
Which research method includes in control and experiment groups and random assignment
experiment
Systematically manipulating a variable under controlled conditions and observing the results.
Controlled experiment
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors
experiment
The hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will _________ the dependent variable.
influence
If is the ___________ or what is being manipulated (CAUSE)
independent
Then is the ________ or what is being measures (EFFECT)
dependent
an extra variable that wasn’t accounted for that might influence the outcome of the study
confounding variable
a detailed explanation of the experiment so that it can be replicated—adds validity
operational definition
What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment
random sampling refers to randomly selected a group of people for the experiment whereas random assignment is putting those people into a control or experimental group
how applicable or important it is to society if it’s accurate
generalized
The control group is for __________
comparison
behavior changes simply due to the awareness of being observed
the hawthorne effect
unintentionally treating groups differently in a study is an _______ bias
experimental
subjects dont know which group they are in
single blind
the subject and researcher dont know what group they’re in
double blind
When subjects believe the treatment is effective and experience positive results caused by expectations alone
placebo effect
Highly controlled environments are part of ____________ experiments
laboratory
Conducted in the world are done in ______ experiments
field
The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
Uses Numerical data
quantitative
uses narrative data
qualitative
Participants get enough information about the research study so they can choose whether to participate or not
informed consent
post experiment explanation, purpose, and any deception
debriefing
Numerical data used to measure and describe the characteristics of a group
descriptive statistic
a visual display used to organize and present information so it can be more easily interpreted
frequency distribution
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
histogram
What are mean median mode and range?
measures of central tendancy
Mean
average
mode
2 scores=
3 + =
most
binomal
multimodal
median
middle
range
subtract highest from lowest
when their are outliers avoid the ____ and use the ______
mean
median
Mode is helpful with ___ data
nominal
describes how much the scores are spread out
variability
the average distance of any score from the mean
variance
the square root of the variance
standard deviation
curve shape will change depending on the size of the _______ ________
standard deviation
tall and narrow=
short and wider=
less variability
more variability
Represented by symmetric, bell shaped curve that describes distribution of many types of data
normal distribution
the mean, median, and mode are at the ____ of the normal distribution
center
one standard deviation
68%
2 standard deviations
95%
3 standard deviations
99.7
draw the normal distribution thingy
34
13.5
2
0.1
mnemic for the normal distribution
1 68 year old man threw a huge party for 2 95 year old ladies and all 3 danced like crazy as the radio station 99.7 was playing!!
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value can get skewed by outliers
skewed distribution
draw a positive and negative skewed distribution
positive=whale facing left
negative=whale facing right
a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion
meta-analysis
the strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger the ____ ___ the more one variable can be explained by the other
effect size
When is an observed difference reliable and significant?
it is a representative sample
you have done more estimates rather than fewer
statistical significance
need to be bellow____ (p-value of ____) to be ______ ______
5%
0.5
statistically significant
find the variance for
7 9 9 10 10 11 11 13
2.75
1. subtract from 10 (average)
2. square them
3. find their average
what is the standard deviation of the data set with a variance of 2.75
square root of 2.75=1.65
What are the 5 parts of maslow’s hierarchy of needs
physiological
safety
love/belonging
esteem
self-actualization
