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AP Psych > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

All your feelings and behaviors are connected to your brain.

A

Biological perspective

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2
Q

Focuses on observable behaviors that impair our lives and attempts to change them. We are the product of what we learn through conditioning. Puts feelings aside.

A

Behavioral

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2
Q

Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Roger’s. Focuses on positive growth. Therapists use active listening and unconditional positive regard. Believes everyone has good in them.

A

Humanistic

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3
Q

Focuses on how we think. How we see the world or respond to events. Attempts to change the way you think.

A

Cognitive

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4
Q

Fathered by sigmund Freud. Our behavior comes from unconscious drives and childhood issues. Focuses on the unconscious mind. In order to get better you must bring forward the true feelings you have in your unconscious.

A

Psychodynamic

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5
Q

Focuses on inherited traits that help us survive as a species. We act the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Our behavior helped ensure our ancestor survival.

A

Evolutionary

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6
Q

Looks at the impact society, culture, ethnicity, race, and religion have on personality. Behaviors can change because of various subcultures.

A

Socio-Cultural Perspective

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7
Q

The science of behavior and mental processes

A

Psychology

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8
Q

What makes psychology a science?

A

Findings result from a scientific approach and has scientifically derived evidence

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9
Q

Does it work? When put to the test, can its predictions be confirmed?

A

Curiosity

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10
Q

What do you mean? How do you know?

A

Skepticism

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11
Q

Be willing to be supposed and follow new ideas

A

Humility

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12
Q

What are the 3 aspects of a scientific attitude?

A

Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility

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13
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The I knew it all along phenomenon

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14
Q

Overconfidence

A

We think we know more then we actually do

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15
Q

Perceiving order in Random events

A

We tend to make patterns that don’t actually exist

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16
Q

A process where you self-correct in order to evaluate ideas through observation and analysis

A

Scientific Method

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17
Q

Falsifiable

A

How strong the hypothesis is Can the hypothesis be proven wrong?

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18
Q

Operational definition

A

Statement that explains how study is conducted

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19
Q

Studying an individual or group in hopes it will reveal something applicable to everyone
Explains

A

Case study

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20
Q

Recording info in an natural environment without manipulating or controlling the situation
Describes

A

Naturalistic observation

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21
Q

The way surveys are worded affects the result

A

Wording effects

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22
Q

A bias when people respond the way they think the researcher wants them to

A

Social desirability

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23
Q

Report behavior inaccurately

A

Self report bias

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24
Q

Unrepresenting in a case sampling so it’s not accurate. A few people from the school instead of all

A

Sampling bias

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25
Q

Random sample vs random assignment

A

Random sample takes from whole population whereas random assignment takes from that groups and splits into control and experimental

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26
Q

Statistical index of relationship between two things (-1.00 to 1.00)

A

Correlation coefficient

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27
Q

On a scatterplot Little scatter=

A

High correlation

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28
Q

Correlation doesn’t =

A

Causation

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29
Q

When you think there’s a relationship but there really isn’t

A

Illusory correlation

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30
Q

Tendency for extreme events to fall back to the average

A

Regression toward the mean

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31
Q

Both research participants and research staff don’t know who got the treatment or a placebo

A

Double blind procedure

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31
Q

Research method where one or more factors are manipulated to observe the effect

A

Experiment

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32
Q

Thinking your getting treated and feeling like u are but ur actually not

A

Placebo effect

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33
Q

Independent variable

A

Thing that is manipulated
After if

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34
Q

Confounding variable

A

Factor besides the one being studied that might influence result

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35
Q

Dependent variable

A

Outcome that may change when independent variable changes

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36
Q

Did the experiment test what it was supposed to test

A

Validity

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

Relies on in depth/narrative data

A

Qualitative

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38
Q

Uses numerical data to represent degrees of variable

A

Quantitative

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39
Q

Giving participant enough information info about a study so they can choose to participate or not

A

Informed consent

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40
Q

Central tendency

A

Single score representing a set of scores

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40
Q

What are the most important scientific values?

A

Honesty followed by curiosity and perseverance

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41
Q

Post experimental explanation including any deceptions

A

Debriefing

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42
Q

Bar graph with frequency distribution

A

Histogram

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42
Q

How does statistics benefit us?

A

Helps us to see what the unaided eye might miss

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42
Q

Numerical data that measures and describes characteristics

A

Descriptive statistics

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43
Q

Median

A

Midpoint or 50th percentile

43
Q

Mean

A

Average

43
Q

Representation of scores that lack symmetry around average value

A

Skewed distribution

43
Q

What are the two measures of variation

A

Range and standard deviation

43
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently occurring score or scores

43
Q

Range

A

Difference between highest and lowest scores

43
Q

What does variation represent

A

How similar or diverse scores are

44
Q

Measure of how much scores vary around mean score

A

Standard deviation

45
Q

Symmetrical bell-shaped curve describing distribution of many types of data

A

Normal curve

46
Q

Draw a normal bell curve with percentage points and standard deviation

A

Nice

47
Q

Numerical data that allows one to generalize

A

Inferential statistics

48
Q

When is an observed difference significant?

A

When it doesn’t matter as much

49
Q

Statistical significance

A

How likely it is that a result occurred by chance

50
Q

Only ______ can prove causation because they can manipulate variables

A

Experiments

51
Q

What research method is used in Naturalistic observation, case study, and survey

A

observe and describe

52
Q

_______ helps us predict behavior through descriptive research we note that 2 variable have a relationship, now we can research if one variable might predict another.

A

correlation/predict

53
Q

Type of research method where manipulated variable to determine if one causes the other

A

experiment

54
Q

Which research method includes in control and experiment groups and random assignment

A

experiment

55
Q

Systematically manipulating a variable under controlled conditions and observing the results.

A

Controlled experiment

56
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors

A

experiment

57
Q

The hypothesis predicts that the independent variable will _________ the dependent variable.

A

influence

58
Q

If is the ___________ or what is being manipulated (CAUSE)

A

independent

59
Q

Then is the ________ or what is being measures (EFFECT)

A

dependent

60
Q

an extra variable that wasn’t accounted for that might influence the outcome of the study

A

confounding variable

61
Q

a detailed explanation of the experiment so that it can be replicated—adds validity

A

operational definition

62
Q

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment

A

random sampling refers to randomly selected a group of people for the experiment whereas random assignment is putting those people into a control or experimental group

63
Q

how applicable or important it is to society if it’s accurate

A

generalized

64
Q

The control group is for __________

A

comparison

65
Q

behavior changes simply due to the awareness of being observed

A

the hawthorne effect

66
Q

unintentionally treating groups differently in a study is an _______ bias

A

experimental

67
Q

subjects dont know which group they are in

A

single blind

68
Q

the subject and researcher dont know what group they’re in

A

double blind

69
Q

When subjects believe the treatment is effective and experience positive results caused by expectations alone

A

placebo effect

70
Q

Highly controlled environments are part of ____________ experiments

A

laboratory

71
Q

Conducted in the world are done in ______ experiments

A

field

72
Q

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

validity

73
Q

Uses Numerical data

A

quantitative

74
Q

uses narrative data

A

qualitative

75
Q

Participants get enough information about the research study so they can choose whether to participate or not

A

informed consent

76
Q

post experiment explanation, purpose, and any deception

A

debriefing

77
Q

Numerical data used to measure and describe the characteristics of a group

A

descriptive statistic

78
Q

a visual display used to organize and present information so it can be more easily interpreted

A

frequency distribution

79
Q

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

A

histogram

80
Q

What are mean median mode and range?

A

measures of central tendancy

81
Q

Mean

A

average

82
Q

mode
2 scores=
3 + =

A

most
binomal
multimodal

83
Q

median

A

middle

84
Q

range

A

subtract highest from lowest

85
Q

when their are outliers avoid the ____ and use the ______

A

mean
median

86
Q

Mode is helpful with ___ data

A

nominal

87
Q

describes how much the scores are spread out

A

variability

88
Q

the average distance of any score from the mean

A

variance

89
Q

the square root of the variance

A

standard deviation

90
Q

curve shape will change depending on the size of the _______ ________

A

standard deviation

91
Q

tall and narrow=
short and wider=

A

less variability
more variability

92
Q

Represented by symmetric, bell shaped curve that describes distribution of many types of data

A

normal distribution

93
Q

the mean, median, and mode are at the ____ of the normal distribution

A

center

94
Q

one standard deviation

A

68%

95
Q

2 standard deviations

A

95%

96
Q

3 standard deviations

A

99.7

97
Q

draw the normal distribution thingy

A

34
13.5
2
0.1

98
Q

mnemic for the normal distribution

A

1 68 year old man threw a huge party for 2 95 year old ladies and all 3 danced like crazy as the radio station 99.7 was playing!!

99
Q

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value can get skewed by outliers

A

skewed distribution

100
Q

draw a positive and negative skewed distribution

A

positive=whale facing left
negative=whale facing right

101
Q

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

A

meta-analysis

102
Q

the strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger the ____ ___ the more one variable can be explained by the other

A

effect size

103
Q

When is an observed difference reliable and significant?

A

it is a representative sample
you have done more estimates rather than fewer
statistical significance

104
Q

need to be bellow____ (p-value of ____) to be ______ ______

A

5%
0.5
statistically significant

105
Q

find the variance for
7 9 9 10 10 11 11 13

A

2.75
1. subtract from 10 (average)
2. square them
3. find their average

106
Q

what is the standard deviation of the data set with a variance of 2.75

A

square root of 2.75=1.65

107
Q

What are the 5 parts of maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

physiological
safety
love/belonging
esteem
self-actualization

108
Q
A

AP Psych (2 decks)

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