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AP Biology > Unit 2 Macromolecules > Flashcards

Unit 2 Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Carbohydrates and what do they contain?

A

Sugars and contain carbon oxygen and hydrogen

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2
Q

Simple types of carbohydrates

A

Glucose and fructose

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3
Q

Glycogen

A

A carbohydrate that stores energy and animals

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4
Q

Cellulose

A

A carbohydrate that stores energy in plants

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5
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A carbohydrate in DNA

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6
Q

What are nucleic acid’s and what do they contain

A

Nucleic acid’s are DNA and Arnie and they contain carbon hydrogen nitrogen and phosphorus

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7
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers made up of amino acid monomers

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8
Q

What do amino acids contain

A

Contains amino acids and a carboxyl group

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9
Q

Polypeptides

A

Contains chains of amino acids

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10
Q

Enzymes

A

A catalyst that speeds up the rate of almost all cellular reactions

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11
Q

Symbiosis

A

Clothes and prolonged reaction between organisms of different species

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12
Q

Substrate

A

A molecule upon which an enzyme acts the substrate binds with the enzymes active site

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13
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

Requires energy to combine simpler molecules into a more complicated one

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14
Q

exergonic

A

A net release of energy

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15
Q

endergonic

A

Must absorb energy from its surroundings

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16
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and provide energy for a vital process and for synthesizing new organic material

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17
Q

Coenzyme

A

a small organic non-protein molecule that carries chemical groups between enzymes

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18
Q

Cofactor

A

A nonprotein chemical compound that is bound to the protein and is needed in the biological activity of the protein also known for as “helper molecules” because they assist in bio chemical transformations

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19
Q

Hydrophobic

A

repels water

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20
Q

hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

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21
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A series of chemical reactions that either builds an anabolic like pathway or breaks down a complex molecule to a similar molecules known as a catabolic pathway

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22
Q

Induced fit

A

change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate

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23
Q

Active site

A

The specific region of an enzyme that binds a substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

24
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

25
Q

Reactant

A

starting material in a chemical reaction

26
Q

Product

A

The material resulting from a chemical reaction

27
Q

Monomer in carbohydrates

A

Glucose

28
Q

Polymer in carbohydrates

A

Starch

29
Q

Monomers in lipids

A

Fatty acid’s

30
Q

Polymers in lipids

A

Saturated fats

31
Q

Monomers in proteins

A

Amino acids

32
Q

Polymers in proteins

A

Peptides

33
Q

Nucleic acid monomers

A

Nucleic acids

34
Q

Polymers in nucleic acid’s

A

DNA and RNA

35
Q

What denatures an enzyme

A
  • Change in pH
  • temperature change
  • change in salinity
36
Q

What is the action of an enzyme? (3)

A
  • Attracts substrates to its active site
  • catalyzes the chemical reaction by which products are formed
  • allows the products to disassociate from the enzyme surface
37
Q

How does an enzyme change shape

A

When it binds with the substrate resulting in a tighter fit known as induced fit

38
Q

Definition of feedback inhibition

A
  • as isoleucine accumulates, it’s slows down it’s own synthesis by allosterically inhibiting the enzyme
  • feedback inhibitors therefore prevent the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more isoleucine than necessary
39
Q

Steps of feedback inhibition

A

as isoleucine accumulates it slows down its own synthesis by allosterically inhibiting the Feedback inhibition there by prevents the cell from Weston chemical resources by making more isoleucine than necessary

40
Q

Difference between glucose, cellulose & starch?

A

A human can eat STARCH and break it down into GLUCOSE, but a human cannot break down CELLULOUS

41
Q

What are carbohydrate functions in plants?

A

Carbohydrates store energy in plants in the form is starch & provide either simple or complex sugars. Plants then manufacture their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis

42
Q

carbohydrates in humans?

A

energy storage and release

43
Q

how do lipids differ from the other groups?

A

not true polymers (fats, phospholipids, and steroids)

44
Q

phospholipids definition :

A

form the cell membranes (what’s it made out of)

45
Q

the Phospholipid tails are _____ because they ____

A

1) hydrophobic

2) they have no charge to which water molecules can stick too

46
Q

saturated fats:

A

carbons are SATURATED with hydrogen atoms and don’t contain double bonds between carbon atoms. SOLID AT ROOM TEMP

47
Q

unsaturated fats :

A

has a double or triple covalent bond w carbon. LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP

48
Q

steroids (3)

A
  • hydrophobic
  • a structure composed of 4 fused rings
  • ex. cholesterol, estrogen, & testosterone
49
Q

allosteric cite

A

where the effector binds

50
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of amino acids

51
Q

Secondary structure

A

coiling of amino acid sequencing

52
Q

tertiary structure

A

over all shape of a protein molecule due to coiling of amino acids

53
Q

quaternary structure

A

gathering of polypeptide chain of 3 or more

54
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks the bond and forms 2 seperate monosaccharides

55
Q

dehydration synthesis:

A

loses a bond & forms a covalent bond

AP Biology (18 decks)

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