Unit 2 Macromolecules Flashcards
What are Carbohydrates and what do they contain?
Sugars and contain carbon oxygen and hydrogen
Simple types of carbohydrates
Glucose and fructose
Glycogen
A carbohydrate that stores energy and animals
Cellulose
A carbohydrate that stores energy in plants
Deoxyribose
A carbohydrate in DNA
What are nucleic acid’s and what do they contain
Nucleic acid’s are DNA and Arnie and they contain carbon hydrogen nitrogen and phosphorus
Proteins
Polymers made up of amino acid monomers
What do amino acids contain
Contains amino acids and a carboxyl group
Polypeptides
Contains chains of amino acids
Enzymes
A catalyst that speeds up the rate of almost all cellular reactions
Symbiosis
Clothes and prolonged reaction between organisms of different species
Substrate
A molecule upon which an enzyme acts the substrate binds with the enzymes active site
Anabolic pathway
Requires energy to combine simpler molecules into a more complicated one
exergonic
A net release of energy
endergonic
Must absorb energy from its surroundings
Metabolism
The sum of chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and provide energy for a vital process and for synthesizing new organic material
Coenzyme
a small organic non-protein molecule that carries chemical groups between enzymes
Cofactor
A nonprotein chemical compound that is bound to the protein and is needed in the biological activity of the protein also known for as “helper molecules” because they assist in bio chemical transformations
Hydrophobic
repels water
hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Metabolic pathway
A series of chemical reactions that either builds an anabolic like pathway or breaks down a complex molecule to a similar molecules known as a catabolic pathway
Induced fit
change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate
Active site
The specific region of an enzyme that binds a substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs
Activation energy
The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
Reactant
starting material in a chemical reaction
Product
The material resulting from a chemical reaction
Monomer in carbohydrates
Glucose
Polymer in carbohydrates
Starch
Monomers in lipids
Fatty acid’s
Polymers in lipids
Saturated fats
Monomers in proteins
Amino acids
Polymers in proteins
Peptides
Nucleic acid monomers
Nucleic acids
Polymers in nucleic acid’s
DNA and RNA
What denatures an enzyme
- Change in pH
- temperature change
- change in salinity
What is the action of an enzyme? (3)
- Attracts substrates to its active site
- catalyzes the chemical reaction by which products are formed
- allows the products to disassociate from the enzyme surface
How does an enzyme change shape
When it binds with the substrate resulting in a tighter fit known as induced fit
Definition of feedback inhibition
- as isoleucine accumulates, it’s slows down it’s own synthesis by allosterically inhibiting the enzyme
- feedback inhibitors therefore prevent the cell from wasting chemical resources by making more isoleucine than necessary
Steps of feedback inhibition
as isoleucine accumulates it slows down its own synthesis by allosterically inhibiting the Feedback inhibition there by prevents the cell from Weston chemical resources by making more isoleucine than necessary
Difference between glucose, cellulose & starch?
A human can eat STARCH and break it down into GLUCOSE, but a human cannot break down CELLULOUS
What are carbohydrate functions in plants?
Carbohydrates store energy in plants in the form is starch & provide either simple or complex sugars. Plants then manufacture their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis
carbohydrates in humans?
energy storage and release
how do lipids differ from the other groups?
not true polymers (fats, phospholipids, and steroids)
phospholipids definition :
form the cell membranes (what’s it made out of)
the Phospholipid tails are _____ because they ____
1) hydrophobic
2) they have no charge to which water molecules can stick too
saturated fats:
carbons are SATURATED with hydrogen atoms and don’t contain double bonds between carbon atoms. SOLID AT ROOM TEMP
unsaturated fats :
has a double or triple covalent bond w carbon. LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP
steroids (3)
- hydrophobic
- a structure composed of 4 fused rings
- ex. cholesterol, estrogen, & testosterone
allosteric cite
where the effector binds
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure
coiling of amino acid sequencing
tertiary structure
over all shape of a protein molecule due to coiling of amino acids
quaternary structure
gathering of polypeptide chain of 3 or more
hydrolysis
breaks the bond and forms 2 seperate monosaccharides
dehydration synthesis:
loses a bond & forms a covalent bond
